Long term health conditions and risk factors - Powerpoint

Question 1

What are some examples of long-term conditions (LTCs)?

Answer 1

• cancers
• cardiovascular disease
• chronic respiratory conditions - COPD
• chronic kidney disease
• Diabetes
• enduring mental health conditions and addiction
• dementia
• musculoskeletal conditions – arthritis, back pain
• HIV

These conditions are significant for public health due to their prevalence and impact on quality of life.

Question 2

What is co-morbidity?

Answer 2

The combined effects of additional conditions in reference to an index chronic condition.

For example, when the index disease is T2DM, conditions can often include hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and obesity.

Question 3

List some consequences of co-morbidity and multimorbidity.

Answer 3

• Reduced quality of life
• higher mortality
• polypharmacy
• higher rates of adverse drug events
• high treatment burden
• greater health services use
• greater use of unplanned care

These consequences highlight the complexity and challenges in managing multiple health conditions.

Question 4

What did the WHO identify as the single-most pressing global health problem since 2020?

Answer 4

The escalating pervasiveness of chronic disease.

This has significant implications for global health systems and resource allocation.

Question 5

By 2030, what percentage of all deaths worldwide is projected to be due to chronic disease?

Answer 5

82% (55 million).

This represents an increase of 17 million from 38 million in 2012.

Question 6

What are unmodifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

Answer 6

• Genetic risks
• Renin-angiotensin system monitoring blood flow
• Specific gene polymorphisms linked to hypertension

Examples include M235T polymorphisms of the angiotensinogen gene and A1166C polymorphism of angiotensin II type 1 receptor genes.

Question 7

What role does the BRCA1 gene play in breast cancer?

Answer 7

It provides instructions for making a protein that acts as a tumor suppressor, helping to repair DNA.

Mutations in BRCA1 can lead to earlier development of breast and ovarian cancers.

Question 8

Define chronic condition self-management.

Answer 8

The ability to manage prescribed treatment regimes, symptoms, lifestyle changes, and other life changes due to health alterations.

This often involves support from healthcare professionals and family.

Question 9

What is a systematic approach to LTC management according to Te Whatu Ora?

Answer 9

Patient-centered, proactive coordinated care for individuals with LTC health needs.

This approach aims to support wellbeing equity of outcome for all populations.

Question 10

What does the Flinders Program include?

Answer 10

• Disease management
• Self-management
• Coordination
• Coaching

This program aims to empower patients in managing their long-term conditions.

Question 11

What is the Chronic Care Model (CCM)?

Answer 11

A multifaceted, evidence-based model widely adopted in primary healthcare settings to improve clinical outcomes in multiple chronic diseases.

Its effectiveness is documented in various studies.

Question 12

What are some common impediments to implementing the CCM in primary care?

Answer 12

• healthcare professionals’ time restraints
• leadership turnover
• organisational unreadiness
• lack of staff commitment
• lack of resources
• misconceptions about the model’s efficacy

These challenges can hinder the successful operationalization of the model.