HNS-4 Flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
What is the function of the conchae in the nose?
A
Warms and humidifies air
Traps pathogens
2
Q
What nerves innervate the nasal cavities for olfaction?
A
Olfactory - CN1
3
Q
What nerves innervate the nasal cavities for general sensation in the anterior region
A
Opthalmic (V1) branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)
4
Q
What nerves innervate the nasal cavities for general sensation in the posterior region
A
Maxillary (V2) branch of trigeminal nerve (CN V)
5
Q
What nerves innervate the glands of the nasal cavities?
A
Facial nerve (CN 7) via parasympathetic fibres
6
Q
What nerves innervate the vascular smooth muscle of the nasal cavities?
A
Sympathetic nerves from T1 of the spinal cord
7
Q
What is the main blood supply of the nasal cavities
A
Internal and external carotid arteries
8
Q
What is the clinical significance of the multiple anastomoses in the arteries supplying the nasal cavities?
A
Makes nose prone to epistaxis (nose bleeds)
9
Q
Why is there a risk of infection spread from nasal cavity to cranial cavity?
A
Blood vessels which drain into nasal cavity pass through cavernous sinus and enter cranial cavity
10
Q
What is number 1 in the diagram of the nasal cavity
A
Frontal process of the maxilla
11
Q
What is number 2 in the diagram of the nasal cavity
A
Lacrimal bone
12
Q
What is number 3 in the diagram of the nasal cavity
A
Superior concha
13
Q
What is number 4 in the diagram of the nasal cavity
A
Middle concha
14
Q
What is number 5 in the diagram of the nasal cavity
A
Uncinate process of ethmoid
15
Q
What is number 6 in the diagram of the nasal cavity
A
Medial pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone
16
Q
What is number 7 in the diagram of the nasal cavity
A
Perpendicular plate of palatine bone
17
Q
What is number 8 in the diagram of the nasal cavity
A
Inferior concha
18
Q
What is number 9 in the diagram of the nasal cavity
A
Minor alar cartilage
19
Q
What is number 10 in the diagram of the nasal cavity
A
Major alar cartilage
20
Q
What is number 11 in the diagram of the nasal cavity
A
Lateral process of septal cartilage
21
Q
What is number 12 in the diagram of the nasal cavity
A
Nasal bone
22
Q
What are the 4 paranasal sinuses?
A
- Frontal sinuses
- Ethmoid air cells
- Sphenoid sinuses
- Maxillary sinuses
23
Q
What is the function of the paranasal sinuses?
A
- decrease weight of skull
- act as crumple zones in the case of facial trauma
- increase resonance of the voice
- humidify and heat inhaled air
24
Q
What type of sinuses are the paranasal sinuses?
A
Mucus secreting ones
25
What nerves provide sensory innervation to the paranasal sinuses?
- Frontal - Opthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve
- Ethmoid air cells - Opthalmic and maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve
- Sphenoid - Opthalmic and maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve
- Maxillary - Maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve
26
What is number 1 on this diagram?
Frontonasal duct
27
what is the function of the frontonasal duct?
Drains the frontal sinus and anterior ethmoidal cells
28
What is number 4 on this diagram?
Spheno ethmoidal recess
29
Where does the sphenoidal sinus drain into?
Spheno-ethmoidal recess
30
What is number 5 on this diagram
Semilunar hiatus
31
What is number 7 on this diagram
Nasolacrimal duct
32
What is the function of the nasolacrimal duct
Site at which lacrimal fluid is drained
33
What is the purpose of the external ear
To transmit sound towards the tympanic membrane
34
What is number 1 on this diagram of the external ear
Concha
35
What is number 2 on this diagram of the external ear
Tragus
36
What is number 3 on this diagram of the external ear
External acoustic meatus
37
What is number 4 on this diagram of the external ear
Lobule
38
What is number 5 on this diagram of the external ear
Antitragus
39
What is number 6 on this diagram of the external ear
Antihelix
40
What is number 7 on this diagram of the external ear
Helix
41
What is the purpose of the small bones on the tympanic membrane?
Transmits sound into the inner ear
42
What is located in the inner ear?
- Cochlea - hearing
- Semicircular canals - balance
43
What is the function of the vestibulocochlear nerve?
Take signals related to balance and orientation from the vestibular system and the hearing information from the cochlea
44
What is the function of the pharyngotympanic tube?
Equalises pressure between the ear and the atmosphere
45
What ear muscles does the facial nerve provide motor function to?
Stapedius
Posterior belly of digastric muscle
Stylohyoid
46
Where does the facial nerve provide general sensation in th ear?
- External acoustic meatus
- Deeper parts of auricle
47
What parts of the ear does the facial nerve provide sensory function to?
- external acoustic meatus
- Deeper parts of auricle
48
What is the structure in the ear that the main facial nerve emerges from?
The stylomastoid foramen
49
What is the clinical relevance of the middle cranial fossa?
In the case of serious middle ear infections there can be transmission of infection from the middle ear to the middle cranial fossa which can result in serious complications such as meningitis
50
Name number 1 on this diagram of the orbit
Frontal bone
51
Name number 2 on this diagram of the orbit
Lesser wing of sphenoid bone
52
Name number 3 on this diagram of the orbit
Ethmoid bone
53
Name number 4 on this diagram of the orbit
Lacrimal bone
54
Name number 5 on this diagram of the orbit
Frontal process of maxilla bone
55
Name number 6 on this diagram of the orbit
Maxilla bone
56
Name number 7 on this diagram of the orbit
Zygoma bone
57
Name number 8 on this diagram of the orbit
Greater wing of sphenoid bone
58
What is number 1 on this diagram? And what structures pass through it?
**Superior orbital fissure**
- Opthalmic division of trigeminal nerve (CNV1)
- Oculomotor nerve (CN3)
- Trochlear nerve (CN4)
- Abducens (CN6)
- Opthalmic vessels
- Sympathetic fibres
59
What is number 2 on this diagram? And what structures pass through it?
**Optic Canal**
- Optic nerve (CN2)
- Opthalmic artery
60
What is number 3 on this diagram? And what structures pass through it?
**Inferior orbital fissure**
- Maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve (CNV2)
- Infraorbital vessels
61
What is number 1 on this diagram of eye muscles
Levator palpebrae superioris
62
What is number 2 on this diagram of eye muscles
Trochlea
63
What is number 3 on this diagram of eye muscles
Superior oblique
64
What is number 4 on this diagram of eye muscles
Superior rectus
65
What is number 5 on this diagram of eye muscles
Inferior oblique
66
What is number 6 on this diagram of eye muscles
Inferior rectus
67
What is number 7 on this diagram of eye muscles
Optic nerve
68
What is number 8 on this diagram of eye muscles
Lateral rectus
69
What is number 9 on this diagram of eye muscles
Medial rectus
70
What is number 10 on this diagram of eye muscles
Common tendinous ring
71
What is the common origin of the rectus muscles
Common tendinous ring
72
What is the insertion of the rectus muscles?
They insert into the eyeball a few mm behind the cornea
73
What nerve supplies the rectus muscles? (Except lateral rectus)
The oculomotor nerve (CN3)
74
What nerve supplies the lateral rectus?
Abducent nerve (CN6)
75
What is the origin of the **inferior** oblique muscle?
The orbital (inside part) part of the maxilla
76
What is the origin of the **superior** oblique muscle?
sphenoid bone
77
What is the insertion of the **inferior** oblique muscle?
Inferior surface of the outer posterior quadrant
78
What is the insertion of the **superior** oblique muscle?
Superior surface of the outer posterior quadrant
79
What nerve supplies the inferior oblique muscle?
Oculomotor (CN3)
80
What nerve supplies the superior oblique muscle?
Trochlear (CN4)
81
What is the action of the levator palpebrae superioris?
Lifting of the eyelid
82
What nerves supply the levator palpebrae superioris?
Smooth muscle part - Fibres from sympathetic nervous system
Voluntary part - Oculomotor nerve
83
What is the action of the lateral rectus
Moves the eye laterally
84
What is the action of the medial rectus
Moves the eye medially
85
What is the action of the inferior rectus?
Moves the eye medially and inferiorly
86
What is the action of the superior rectus?
Moves the eye medially and superiorly
87
What is the action of the superior oblique?
'Down and out' Moves eye inferiorly and laterally
88
What is the action of the inferior oblique?
'Upwards and out' Moves eye superiorly and laterally
89
How is lateral rectus function tested clinically?
Patient asked to look laterally (Each eye tested independently for each test - i cba to write this foreach one)
90
How is medial rectus function tested clinically?
Patient asked to look towards nose (Each eye tested independentally)
91
How is superior rectus function tested clinically?
Patient asked to look outwards (abducted position) then upwards
92
How is inferior rectus function tested clinically?
Patient asked to look outwards (abducted position) then downwards
93
How is superior oblique function tested clinically?
Patient asked to look towards nose (adducted position) then downwards
94
How is inferior oblique function tested clinically?
Patient asked to look towards nose (adducted position) then upwards
95
What is number 1 on this diagram of the nerves of the orbit?
Trochlear nerve (CN4)
96
What is number 2 on this diagram of the nerves of the orbit?
Lacrimal nerve
97
What is number 3 on this diagram of the nerves of the orbit?
Nasociliary nerve - branch of opthalmic division of trigeminal nerve
98
What is number 4 on this diagram of the nerves of the orbit?
Frontal nerve
99
What is number 5 on this diagram of the nerves of the orbit?
**Parasympathetic ciliary ganglion** of oculomotor nerve - autonomic fibres which constrict pupil and change thickness of the lens (accomodation)
100
What other structures run through the parasympathetic cilliary ganglion?
Sympathetic fibres which innervate muscles that dilate pupil
101
What is number 6 on this diagram of the nerves of the orbit?
Opthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve (CNV1)
102
What is number 7 on this diagram of the nerves of the orbit?
Sensory trigeminal ganglion
103
What is number 8 on this diagram of the nerves of the orbit?
Abducens (CN6)
104
What is number 9 on this diagram of the nerves of the orbit? and what is its function?
Oculomotor (CN3) - carries autonomic fibres which alter size of pupil and thickness of lens
105
What is number 10 on this diagram of the nerves of the orbit? and what is its function?
Optic (CN2) - takes info from eye to brain
106
Why is the cavernous sinus clinically relevant?
Infections can enter brain through eye
Structures passing through are vulnerable to traumatic injury and inflammation
107
What structures make up the nasolacrimal system?
- Lacrimal gland
- Lacrimal ducts
- Lacrimal sac
- Nasolacrimal duct
108
Where does the nasolacrimal duct empty into?
The nasal cavity
109
What nerves innervate the lacrimal gland?
- Parasympathetic secretomotor fibres via facial nerve
110
How is excess fluid drained from the eye?
Into nasal cavity via nasolacrimal duct
111
Name number 1 on this diagram of the nasolacrimal system
Lacrimal gland
112
Name number 2 on this diagram of the nasolacrimal system
Tendon of levator palpebrae superioris muscle
113
Name number 3 on this diagram of the nasolacrimal system
Lacrimal canilculi
114
Name number 4 on this diagram of the nasolacrimal system
Lacrimal sac
115
Name number 5 on this diagram of the nasolacrimal system
Nasolacrimal duct
116
Name number 6 on this diagram of the nasolacrimal system
Puncta
117
What is number 1 on this cadaveric diagram of the eye?
Superior oblique muscle
118
What is number 2 on this cadaveric diagram of the eye?
Superior rectus muscle
119
What is number 3 on this cadaveric diagram of the eye?
Levator palpebrae superioris muscle
120
What is number 4 on this cadaveric diagram of the eye?
Common annular tendon
121
What is number 5 on this cadaveric diagram of the eye?
Trochlea
122
What is number 6 on this cadaveric diagram of the eye?
Tendon of superior oblique muscle
123
What is number 7 on this cadaveric diagram of the eye?
Medial rectus muscle
124
What is number 8 on this cadaveric diagram of the eye?
Optic nerve
125
What is number 1 on this diagram?
Lacrimal nerve
126
What is number 2 on this diagram?
Lateral rectus muscle
127
What is number 3 on this diagram?
Nasocilliary nerve
128
What is number 4 on this diagram?
Long ciliary nerve
129
What is number 6 on this diagram?
Opthalmic artery
130
What is number 1 on this diagram?
Lacrimal gland
131
What is number 2 on this diagram?
Lacrimal nerve
132
What is number 3 on this diagram?
Frontal nerve
133
What is number 4 on this diagram?
Oculomotor nerve
134
What is number 5 on this diagram?
Olfactory bulb
135
What is number 6 on this diagram?
Levator palpebra superioris muscle
136
What is number 7 on this diagram?
Trochlear nerve
137
What is number 1 on this diagram?
Ciliary nerves
138
What is number 2 on this diagram?
Ciliary ganglion
139
What is number 3 on this diagram?
Superior oblique muscle
140
What is number 4 on this diagram?
Oculomotor nerve
141
What is number 1 on this diagram?
Ciliary nerves
