Limbs 3

Question 1

What are the 2 main regions of the lower limb

Answer 1

• The gluteal region - buttock/hip
• The free lower limb - thigh,leg,foot

Question 2

What is not homologous about the lower limbs and the upper limbs?

Answer 2

The movements at the lower and upper limb are opposites
Upper limb flexion is in the opposite direction to lower limb flexion

Question 3

Why are movements of the upper and lower limb opposite? and how does this affect the anatomy of lower limb muscles and dermatomes?

Answer 3

• Permanent pronation (internal rotation) at upper thigh level between weeks 7 and 8 of development
• Flexors now posterior and extensors anterior
• Dermatomes are distorted and have oblique fields

Question 4

What is the difference in postitioning of the thumb and the big toe?

Answer 4

THumb is lateral and Big toe is medial

Question 5

Name 1-5 on this diagram

Answer 5

1) Pelvic girdle
2) Patella
3) Tibia and Fibula
4) Femur
5) Tarsals, Metatarsals and Phalanges

Question 6

How are the hip bones articulated to the pelvic girdle?

Answer 6

• Articulate posteriorly with the spinal sacrum at the sacroiliac joint
• Articulate anteriorly at the pubic symphysis

Question 7

Which 3 bones is the hip bone formed from?

Answer 7

• Ilium
• Ischium
• Pubis

Question 8

What is the triradiate cartilage?

Answer 8

Cartilage which joins the ilium ischium and pubis before the bones start to fuse at the age of 15.

Question 9

Name 1-4

Answer 9

1) Anterior superior iliac spine
2) Anterior inferior iliac spine
3) Pubic tubercle
4) Ischial spine

Question 10

Name 5-8

Answer 10

5) Ischial tuberosity
6) Obturator foramen
7) Acetabulum
8) Articular surface for sacrum

Question 11

Label this diagram

Answer 11

SRP - Superior ramus of pubis
IRP - inferior ramus of pubis
RI - ramus of ischium
BI - body of ischium
OF - obturator foramen

Question 12

What is the connective tissue which covers the obturator foramen called?

Answer 12

Obturator membrane

Question 13

What type of joint is the hip joint?

Answer 13

Ball and socket

Question 14

What feature of the femur allows a greater range of movement?

Answer 14

Narrow neck of femur

Question 15

Which of the tibia and fibula is weightbearing?

Answer 15

Tibia

Question 16

How does the tibia articulate distally to the foot?

Answer 16

Articulates with the talus in the foot

Question 17

What is the importance of the lateral malleoulus in terms of the ankle joint?

Answer 17

Forms lateral wall of ankle joint

Question 18

How are the shafts of the tibia and fibula connected

Answer 18

Interosseus membrane

Question 19

What are the 3 parts of the tibial plateau?

Answer 19

• Lateral condyle
• Medial condyle
• Intercondylar tubercles of intercondylar eminence

Question 20

What are the 3 different arches of the foot and which planes are they in?

Answer 20

• Medial Longitudinal arch - Proximal distal axis
• Lateral longitudinal arch - Proximal distal axis
• Transverse arch - Medial lateral axis

Question 21

What is the purpose of the arches in the foot?

Answer 21

Distribute body weight and stiffen foot but allows flexibility and energy efficiency in walking and running

Question 22

Name the joints of 1-3 and name the type of joint

Answer 22

1) Hip joint - ball and socket joint
2) Knee joint - Synovial hinge joint
3) Proximal tibiofibular joint - Plane synovial joint

Question 23

Name the joints of 4-6 and name the type of joint

Answer 23

4) Toe joints (not official name) - mainly synovial
5) Sacroiliac joint - Synovial joint
6) Pubic symphysis - fibrocartilaginous joint

Question 24

Name the joints of 7-9 and name the type of joint

Answer 24

7) Patello-femoral joint - gliding synovial joint
8) Distal tibiofibular joint - Fibroua joint
9) Ankle joint - Synovial hinge joint

Question 25

What are the movements of the hip?

Answer 25

- Flexion and extension - Abduction and adduction - Circumduction - Internal and external rotation

Question 26

What are parts 1 and 2 of the acetabulum called?

Answer 26

1) Acetabular fossa 2) Acetabular notch

Question 27

What connective tissue structures complete the acetabular notch and fill the acetabular fossa

Answer 27

Acetabular fossa - **Fibro- fatty tissue** Acetabular notch - **Transverse acetabular ligament** ## Footnote look at and learn diagram

Question 28

What are the 3 main ligaments of the hip joint?

Answer 28

* Ilio-femoral ligament * Pubo-femoral ligament * Ischio-femoral ligament

Question 29

Posterior view of the ischiofemoral ligament

Answer 29

Question 30

How does the arrangement of the 3 main ligaments of the hip control moovement

Answer 30

The arrangement allows them to wind around each other bringing their attahed structures closer to each other

Question 31

What are the movements of the knee joint

Answer 31

- Flexion and extension - Gliding - Rolling - Limited rotation

Question 32

What are the 2 pairs of ligaments which stabilise the knee joint?

Answer 32

* Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments * Medial and lateral collateral ligaments

Question 33

What are the cartilages between the lateral/ medial femoral and tibial condyles

Answer 33

* Lateral and medial menisci (meniscus)

Question 34

# pay attention to the position of the bursa for naming Label this diagram of the bursae in the knee

Answer 34

1) Suprapatellar bursa 2) Subcutaneous prepatellar bursa 3) Subtendinous prepatellar bursa 4) Deep infrapatellar bursa 5) Subcutaneous infrapatellar bursa

Question 35

What condition is this?

Answer 35

Prepatellar bursitis

Question 36

What are the movements of the ankle joint?

Answer 36

Dorsiflexion Plantarflexion

Question 37

What joints does inversion and eversion of the foot occur?

Answer 37

Sub-talar and transverse tarsal joints

Question 38

Label this diagram of the medial ligaments of the ankle joint

Answer 38

1) Tibiocalcaneal part 2) Tibionavicular part 3) Anterior tibiotalar part 4) Posterior tibiotalar part

Question 39

Label this diagram of lateral ligaments of the ankle joint

Answer 39

1) Posterior talofibular ligament 2) Calcaneofibular ligament 3) Anterior talofibular ligament

Question 40

Which of the medial and lateral ligaments of the ankle joint more commonly injured

Answer 40

Lateral ligaments commonly stretched and torn in sprains