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Limbs 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

How are the upper limbs connected to the trunk (joints)

A
  • Sternoclavicular joints
  • Scapulo-thoracic joints
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2
Q

Which joints connecting UL to trunk are TRUE?

A

Sternoclavicular

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3
Q

Which joints connecting UL to trunk are virtual/physiological?

A

Scapulothoracic

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4
Q

What movements do the scapulothoracic joints allow?

A

Movements of the scapula against the posterior and lateral thoracic wall

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5
Q

How are the lower limbs connected to the trunk? (joints)

A

Sacroiliac joints

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6
Q

Where are the sacroiliac joints?

A

Between pelvis and sacrum

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7
Q

What are the 4 regions of the upper limnb?

A
  • The pectoral girdle
  • The arm
  • The forearm
  • The hand
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8
Q

Label bones 1-8

A

1) Clavicle
2) Scapula
3) Humerus
4) Radius
5) Ulna
6) Carpal bones
7) Metacarpals
8) Phalanges

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9
Q

Describe the attachments of the clavicle?

A
  • Medial end articulates with thoracic wall of the trunk at the manubrium
  • Lateral end articulates with scapular acromion
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10
Q

What structures does the clavicle support?

A

Scapiula and rest of upper limb which are suspended from it

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11
Q

Label this diagram of the posterior humerus

A
  1. Humerus shaft
  2. Medial Epicondyle
  3. Deltoid Tuberosity
  4. Radial Groove
  5. Lateral epicondyle
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12
Q

Label this diagram and name the bone.

A

Scapula
A - Acromion
C - Coracoid process
G - Glenoid fossa
Sub - Subscapular fossa
S - Supraspinous fossa
I - Infraspinous
Sp - Scapular spine

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13
Q

Which bone articulates with the glenoid fossa of the scapula?

A

The humoral head (proximal end of humerus)

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14
Q

Describe the articulation of the humerus?

A

Superiorly - Glenoid fossa - Shoulder joint
Inferiorly - Radius and Ulna - Elbow joint

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15
Q

Label this diagram of the anterior humerus

A
  1. Greater tubercle
  2. Intertubercular Sulcus (Bicipital groove)
  3. Lateral Epicondyle
  4. Lesser tubercle
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16
Q

Describe articulation of the radius and ulna?

A

At proximal end - Articulates with condyles of the humerus
At distal end - Articulates with the proximal carpal bones of the wrist

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17
Q

Describe the articulation of the hands and wrists

A
  • The distal ends of the radius and ulna articulate with the proximal row of carpal bones, with the exception of pisiform (a sesamoid bone).
  • The proximal row of the carpals articulate with the metacarpals of the hand, which in turn articulate with the phalanges of the digits
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18
Q

Label this diagram of the radius and ulna?

A
  1. Radius
  2. Radial tuberosity
  3. Ulna
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19
Q

What connects the radius and ulna together?

A

The interossus membrane
(fibrous joint)

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20
Q

Some Lovers Try Positions They Can’t Handle

Label this diagram of the hand (1-8)

A
  1. Capitate
  2. Trapezoid
  3. Tubercle of the trapezoid
  4. Tubercle of the scaphoid
  5. Lunate
  6. Triquetrum
  7. Pisiform
  8. Hook of hamate
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21
Q

Label this diagram of the hand (9-12)

A
  1. Base
    10.Shaft
  2. Tubercle
  3. Head
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22
Q

What are the 3 sections of the phalanges

A

Distal
Middle
Proximal

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23
Q

How many phalanges does each finger have

A

Every finger has 3 except the thumb which has 2

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24
Q

What kind of joints join the phalanges?

A

Synovial

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25
What are the three types of synovial joints?
- Uniaxial - mvmt in 1 direction - Biaxial - mvmt in 2 different planes - Multiaxial - mvmt on several axes
26
What are the 3 factors of joint mobility classification?
- Synarthosis - little/no mobility - Amphiarthosis - Limited mobility - Diarthosis - Freely mobile
27
The more mobile a joint...
the less stable it is
28
What is a retinaculum
A retinaculum is thickened band of deep fascia found close to a joint. This band holds tendons down during muscle contraction to prevent bow-stringing, which might compromise function.
29
What is a bursa and where are they found (give example)?
- A bursa is a closed sac of a serous memebrane which secrete lubricating fluid to their interior - Found at body sites subject to friction.(eg. elbow)
30
What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?
Synovial saddle joint
31
How is the sternoclavicular joint divided and stabilised
- Joint cavity divided by fibrous articular disc - Stabilised with a number of ligaments
32
Describe the mobility of the sternoclavicular joint?
Significant mobility during clavicle elevation and protraction/retraction of the scapula
33
What type of joint is the Acromioclavicular joint (ACJ)and where is it located?
**Type**- Plane synovial joint **Location** - Between the lateral end of clavicle and the acromion process of the scapula
34
What lies in the joint cavity of an acromioclavicular joint?
Incomplete wedge of fibrocartilage
35
Describe the mobility of the acromioclavicular joint?
- Rotation and some vertical and anterior/posterior movements - Ligaments and muscles limit movements and stabilise the joint
36
Describe the movements that the scapulothoracic joint allows?
Movements of the scapula against the posterior and lateral thoracic wall.
37
What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint and where is it located?
**Type** - Ball and socket synovial joint **Location**- Shoulder joint
38
Describe the mobility of the glenohumeral joint
Abduction, adduction, medial and lateral rotation, flexion, extension and circumduction.
39
Describe the mobility of the elbow joint
Configured so that flexion and extension occur at any degree of pronation/supination
40
Label this diagram of the elbow joint and describe the position and view it is in?
**Position** - Full flexion and anterior view 1) Radial fossa 2) Capitulum 3) Trochlea 4) Coronoid fossa 5) Coronoid process of ulna
41
Which structure lies in the olecranon fossa of the humerus in the posterior part of the elbow joint?
42
What type of joint is the wrist joint?
synovial joint between proximal carpal bone
43
# there's 2 names What are the joints of the carpals called?
44
Label this diagram of the joints and ligaments of the hand
1.Palmar ligament (same as 8) 2.Distal interphalangeal joint 3.Proximal interphalangeal joint 4.Metacarpophalangeal joint 5.Collateral ligament 6. 'Cord like part of collateral ligament 7. Fan like part of collateral ligament'
45
What are compartments (in limb anatomy)?
* Groups of limb muscle with distinct function, same nerve supply, same blood supply. * Compartments are separated by connective tissue walls
46
Which 2 muscle groups serve the shoulder region?
- Pectoral girdle muscles (anterior and posterior axio-appendicular muscles) - Intrinsic shoulder muscles (scapulohumeral muscles)
47
What are the pectoral girdle muscles?
48
What are the intrinsic shoulder muscles
49
What are the names of the rotator cuff muscles? (4)
* supraspinatus * infraspinatus * teres minor * subscapularis (on the deep surface of the scapula so not visible)
50
What is the action of the intrinsic shoulder muscles?
Act to move humerus at shoulder joint - Also stabilise the shoulder joint by holding HH in glenoid fossa
51
What are the muscles of the anterior flexor compartment of the arm
* Biceps brachii * Coracobrachialis * Brachialis
52
What are the attachements of the biceps brachii?
LONG HEAD ORIGIN: the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula SHORT HEAD ORIGIN: originates from the coracoid process of the scapula. INSERTION: distally into the radial tuberosity and the fascia at cubital fossa via the bicipital aponeurosis.
53
What are the attachments of the brachialis?
**ORIGIN:** the humeral shaft **INSERTION**: coronoid process of ulna
54
What are the attachments of the coracobrachialis
**ORIGIN:** the coracoid process of the scapula. **INSERTION:** humeral shaft
55
What is the action of the brachialis?
Flexion at elbow
56
What is the action of the biceps brachii?
Supination of the forearm. It also flexes the arm at the elbow and at the shoulder.
57
What is the action of the coracobrachialis?
Flexion of the arm at the shoulder, and weak adduction.
58
What are the muscles of the posterior extensor compartment of the arm and what nerve supplies them?
**Muscle** * Triceps * Anconeus **Nerve**: Radial nerve
59
What are the three compartments of the forearm muscles?
* Superficial flexor compartment * Deep flexor compartment * Extensor compartmetn
60
Guide to forearm muscle terminology:
61
Name the muscles in the superficial flexor compartment of the forearm
* Pronator teres (PT) * Flexor carpi radialis (FCR) * Palmaris longus (PL) * Flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) * Flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU)
62
What is the common flexor origin of the superficial flexor compartment of the forearm?
Medial epicondyle of the humerus
63
What is the action of the flexor carpi ulnaris?
Flexion and ADduction of the wrist
64
What is the action of the palmaris longus?
Flexion at the wrist
65
What is the distal attachment of the palmaris longus and how does it get there?
- Palmar aponeurosis - Passes over the flexor retinaculum in the carpal tunnel
66
What is the action of the flexor carpi radialis?
Flexion and ABduction of the wrist
67
What is the action of the pronator teres?
Pronation of the forearm
68
Name the muscle in the intermediate flexor compartment of the forearm?
Flexor digitorum superficialis
69
What is the proximal attachement of the flexor digitorum superficialis?
Medial epicondyle of the humerus
70
What is the action of the flexor digitorum superficialis?
* Flexes MCP joints * Flexes Proximal IP joints * Flexes wrist
71
Name the muscles in the deep flexor compartment of the forearm
* Flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) * Flexor pollicis longus (FPL) * Pronator quadratus (PQ)
72
What is the proximal attachment of the flexor digitorum profundus?
- Ulna - Interossesus membrane
73
What is the action of the flexor digitorum profundum?
- Flexes DIP joints , PIP and MCP joints of fingers 2-5 (not thumb) - Flexes at wrist
74
What is the proximal attachement of the Flexor pollicis longus?
- Anterior surface of Radius - Interosseus membrane
75
What is the action of the flexor pollicis longus?
- Flexes the IP and MCP joints of the **thumb** (pollicis)
76
What is the proximal attachment of the pronator quadratus?
- Anterior surface of the ulna
77
What is the action of the pronator quadratus?
Pronates the forearm
78
What is the general function of the muscles of the extensor compartment of the forearm
Extension, abduction and adduction of the wrist and fingers
79
Name the 7 muscles in the superficial extensor (posterior) compartment of the forearm
- brachioradialis - extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) - extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) - extensor digitorum - extensor digiti minimi - extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) - anconeus
80
# What are the exceptions? What is the **common proximal tendon attachment** of the superficial extensor forearm compartment
Lateral epicondyle of the humerus **exceptions:** - Brachioradialis - Extensor carpi radialis longus
81
What is the action of the brachioradialis?
Flexion of the elbow
82
What is the action of the anconeus?
- Extension and stabilisation of the elbow joint - Abduction of the ulna during pronation of the forearm
83
What is the proximal attachment of the brachioradialis and extensor carpi radialis longus?
Lateral supracondylar ridge
84
Name the 5 muscles of the deep extensor forearm compartment
* Supinator * Abductor pollicis longus * Extensor pollicis brevis * Extensor pollicis longus * Extensor indicis
85
What is the proximal attachment of the supinator?
Lateral epicondyle of the humerus and the posterior surface of the ulna
86
What is the action of the supinator?
Supinates the forearm
87
What are the proximal attachements of the abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor pollicis longus and extensor indicis?
- Interosseus membrane - Posterior surfaces of the radius and ulna
88
What are the thenar andhypothenar eminence
**Thenar**: Prominence between base of thumb and wrist **Hypothenar**: Prominence betweeen base of little finger and the wrist
89
Name the thenar muscles
* abductor pollicis brevis * flexor pollicis brevis * opponens pollicis
90
Name the Adductor muscle of the thumb and where does it lie in relation to the thenar muscles
Adductor Pollicis Lies deep to thenar eminence
91
Name the Hypothenar muscles
* abductor digiti minimi * flexor digiti minimi * opponens digiti minimi
92
# Types, number and function What are the interossei?
Muscles in hand **Types + number**: * Palmar (3) * Dorsal (4) **Function** * Palmar - aDduct digits (PAD) * Dorsal - aBduct digits (DAB) * BOAF - contribute to extension of the fingers at the IP joints.
93
How many lumbricals are there and what is their function?
**FOUR** **Function**: Flex MCPs and extend IPJs
94
What are the attachments of the lumbricals?
Origin: Tendons of the flexor digitorum profundud Insertion: Extensor expansions at the lateral side of digits 2-5
95
What are the proximal and distal attachments of the extrinsic muscles of the hand? | very general
PROXIMAL - Forearm DISTAL -Bones of the hand
96
What is the general action of the extrinsic muscles of the hand?
Control of **crude movements** and production of a **forceful grip**
97
What is the flexor retinaculum?
Thick connective tissue which forms the roof of the carpal tunnel
98
What is the extensor retinaculum?
Thick connective tissue which transmits extensor tendons of the forearm
99
What are the 9 tendons of the carpal tunnel?
* The tendon of flexor pollicis longus * Four tendons of flexor digitorum profundus * Four tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis
100
Which structures form the carpal tunnel?
Superiorly - Flexor retinaculum Inferiorly - Carpal bones
101
Which nerve passes through the carpal tunnel?
Median nerve
102
What is the anatomical snuff box?
a triangular shaped depression on the dorsum of the hand, at the lateral aspect of the wrist, seen when the thumb is extended
103
What are the boundaries of the snuffbox?
tendon of Extensor pollicis longus medially and Extensor pollicis brevis and Abductor pollicis longus laterally.
104
What is the action of the trapezius on the scapula
* Elevates * Depresses * Retracts
105
What are the attachments of the trapezius?
- Vertebral column - Bony landmarks of scapula
106
What are the attachments of the latissimus dorsi
* PROXIMALLY - Vertebral column and scapula * DISTAL - intertubercular sulcus of the humerus
107
What is the action of the lat dorsi on the humerus
- Adducts - Extends - Medially rotates
108
What are the attachments of the levator scapulae, rhomboid major and minor?
- Vertebral column - Scapula
109
What is the action of the levator scapulae, rhomboid major and minor on the scapula?
* Levator scapulae elevates the scapula. * Rhomboids major and minor retracts the scapula.
110
What are the scapulo-humeral muscles and what is their function
* deltoid, * the rotator cuff muscles (subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor) * teres major * Function: attach scapula to humerus
111
Which muscles have a distal attachment to the greater tubercle of the humerus?
* Supraspinatus, infraspinatus and teres minor
112
What is the distal attachment of the subscapularis?
Lesser tubercle of the humerus
113
What is the function of the rotator cuff muscles?
- Individually, move the shoulder joint - Together stabilise the shoulder joint
114
Which muscles make up the group of pectoral muscles?
- Pec major - Pec minor - Subclavius - Serratus anterior
115
What are the attachments of the pectoral muscles
Humerus and anterior and lateral thoracic wall
116
What is the action of the pec major?
Adduction and medial rotation of the humerus
117
What is the bicipital tendon?
It is what is formed when the 2 heazds of the biceps brachii fuse
118
What is the proximal attachment of the long head of the biceps brachii?
Supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
119
What are the 2 distal attachments of the biceps brachii?
- The bicipital tendon of the biceps attaches to the **radial tuberosity** and the **bicipital aponeurosis**
120
Where does the bicipital aponeurosis merge with fascia?
THE cubital fossa
121
What is the cubital fossa and what are its borders?
**What is it?**: - Triangular shaped anatomical region anterior to elbow joint **Borders** - LATERAL - Brachioradialis - MEDIAL - Pronator teres - SUPERIOR - imaginary line drawn between the medial and lateral epicondyle of the humerus
122
What is the distal attachment of the brachialis?
Coronoid process of the ulna
123
What is the attachment of the coracobrachialis?
Coracoid process of the scapula and the shaft of humerus
124
What is the action of the biceps brachii?
Supination of the forearm. It also flexes the arm at the elbow and at the shoulder.
125
What is the action of the brachialis
Flexion at the elbow
126
What is the action of the coracobrachialis
Flexion of the arm at the shoulder and weak adduction
127
What are the three heads of the triceps brachii?
* Long * Medial * Lateral
128
What tendon forms when the three heads of the triceps brachii fuse?
Triceps tendon
129
What is the proximal attachment of the long head of the triceps brachii?
Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula
130
What is the proximal attachment of the medial head of the triceps brachii?
The shaft of the humerus (inferior to the radial groove)
131
What is the proximal attachment of the lateral head of the triceps brachii?
The shaft of the humerus (superior to the radial groove)
132
What is the distal attachment of the triceps brachii?
The triceps tendon inserts into the **olecranon of the ulna**
133
What is the action of the triceps brachii?
Extension of the arm at the elbow
134
Name number 1 on this diagram
Acromion
135
Name number 2 on this diagram
Head of humerus
136
Name number 4 on this diagram
Clavicle
137
Name number 6 on this diagram
Coracoid process
138
Name number 1-5 on this diagram
1) Scapular notch 2) Supraspinous fossa 3) Scapular spine 4) Infraspinous fossa 5) Medial border of scapula
139
Name number 6-8 on this diagram
6) Acromion 7) Lateral border of scapula 8) Inferior angle of scapula
140
Name number 1-3 on this diagram
1) Greater tubercle of humerus 2) Intertubercular sulcus 3) Capitulum
141
Name number 4-6 on this diagram
4) Lesser tubercle 5) Coronoid fossa 6) Medial epicondyle
142
Name number 1-3 on this diagram
1) Trapezius 2) Rhomboid major 3) Latissimus dorsi
143
Name number 4-7 on this diagram
4) Spine of scapula 5) Deltoid muscle 6) Infraspinous fascia - covering infraspinatus muscle 7) Teres major
144
Name number 2-6 on this diagram
2) Infraspinatus 3) Teres minor 4) Teres major 5) Long head of triceps 6) Deltoid (cut and reflected)
145
Name number 1-2 on this diagram
1) Short head of biceps brachii 2) Long head of biceps brachii
146
Name number 1-3 on this diagram
1) Subscapularis 2) Deltoid 3) Biceps brachii
147
Name number 4-6 on this diagram
4) Brachialis 5) Bicipital aponeurosis 6) Brachial artery
148
Name number 1-3 on this diagram
1) Pec major 2) Long head of BB in intertubercular sulcus 3) Head of humerus
149
Name number 4-5 on this diagram
4) Deltoid 5) Infraspinatus
150
Name number 1-3 on this diagram
1) Articular circumference of radius 2) Radial tuberosity 3) Radial styloid process
151
Name number 4-7 on this diagram
4) Trochlear notch 5) Coronoid process 6) Ulnar tuberosity 7) Styloid process of ulna
152
Name number 1-4 on this diagram
1) Median nerve 2) Brachioradialis 3) Tendon of flexor carpi radialis 4) Palmar aponeurosis
153
Name number 5-8 on this diagram
5) Bicipital aponeurosis 6) Palmaris longus 7) Tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris 8) Abductor digiti minimi
154
Name number 1-4 on this diagram
1) Tendon of flexor carpi radialis 2) Flexor pollicis brevis 3) Median nerve 4) Flexor digitorum superficialis
155
Name number 5-7 on this diagram
5) Ulnar nerve 6) Tendon of palmaris longus 7) Superficialis palmar arch (artery)
156
Name number 1-4 on this diagram
1) Brachialis 2) Tendon of abductor pollicis longus 3) Tendon of flexor pollicIs longus 4) Tendons of flexor digitorum profundus
157
Name number 5-8 on this diagram
5) Pronator teres 6) Tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris 7) Lumbrical muscles 8) Tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis
158
Name number 1,2 and 4 on this diagram
1) Biceps brachii 2) Pronator teres 4) ADductor pollicis
159
Name number 5-7 on this diagram
5) Interosseus membrane 6) Pronator quadratus 7) Flexor digiti minimi brevis
160
# Posterior view (pronated) Name number 1-3 on this diagram
1) Anconeus muscle 2) Extensor carpi ulnaris 3) Extensor retinaculum
161
Name number 4-6 on this diagram
4) Tendons of extensor digiti minimi 5) Extensor carpi radialis longus 6) Extensor carpi radialis brevis
162
Name number 7-9 on this diagram
7) ABductor pollicis longus 8) Tendon of extensor pollicis longus 9) First dorsal interosseus
163
Name number 1-4 on this diagram
1) Extensor carpi ulnaris 2) Fourth dorsal interosseus 3) Brachiradialis 4) Extensor carpi radialis brevis
164
Name number 5-7 on this diagram
5) Extensor indicis 6) Tendon of extensor carpi radialis longus 7) First dorsal interosseus
165
Name number 1-3 on this diagram
1) Scaphoid 2) Trapezium 3) Capitate
166
Name number 4-6 on this diagram
4) Lunate 5) Pisiform 6) Hook of hamate
167
Name number 1-3 on this diagram
1) Pronator quadratus 2) Tendon of flexor pollicis longus 3) Dorsal interosseus
168
Name number 4-6 on this diagram
4) Palmar interosseus 5) Tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis 6) Tendons of flexor digitorum profundus
169
Name number 1-2 on this diagram
1) Second and third metacarpal bones 2) Thenar muscles
170
Name number 3-5 on this diagram
3) Fifth metacarpal bone 4) Hypothenar muscle 5) Tendons on flexor digitorun superficialis and profundus muscles

ANATOMY (14 decks)

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