Biology Exam Review > Homeostasis - Nervous System > Flashcards

Homeostasis - Nervous System Flashcards

(47 cards)

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1
Q

Dendrites

A
  • recieve incoming impulse

- long branched outgrowths

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2
Q

Cell Body

A
  • contains most of cell’s organelles

- responsible for cell activity

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3
Q

Axon

A
  • long insulated fibre

- most of neurons length

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4
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

-gaps btw 2 insulating cells along axon

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5
Q

Glial Cells

A

-provide nutrients to parts of neuron too far away from nucleus

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6
Q

Axon Terminal

A
  • end of axon

- pass impulse to next neuron

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7
Q

Synapse

A

-gap btw 2 neurons

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8
Q

Myelin

A
  • fatty insulation around axon
  • protects axon from ECF
  • speeds up rate of impluse
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9
Q

Sensory Neuron

A
  • transmits signals to CNS

- cell body lies close to CNS

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10
Q

Motor Neuron

A
  • transmits signals away from CNS

- cell body located within CNS

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11
Q

Associate Neuron

A
  • transmit signals btw sensory and motor
  • entirely within CNS
  • neurons of brain/spinal cord
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12
Q

Structure of Brain

A
  • grey matter: outside, composed of cell bodies
  • white matter: inside composed of axons
  • folds increase SA = more neurons
  • surrounded by 3 protective membranes: meninges
  • layer of cerebrospinal fluid lies btw. brain/meninges
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13
Q

Describe blood-brain barrier

A
  • due to fact that capillaries in brain tighly packed together, some substances cannot be passes to capillaries in brain
  • protects brain from substances found in blood meant for other parts of body
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14
Q

What is the brain stem?

A
  • all motor/sensory neurons must pass through here (to/from brain)
  • medulla oblongata: maintains visceral functions, intermediary btw. brain/spinal cord, cranial nerves connect here
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15
Q

What is the cerebellum concerned with?

A

-movement, muscular coordination, balance, equilibrium,

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16
Q

What are the parts/components of the forebrain?

A
  • cerebrum
  • thalamus
  • basail ganglia
  • limbic system: hypothalamus, amygdala
  • related areas
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17
Q

What is the cerebrum?

A

-composed of 4 lobes, left/right hemisphere, connects by corpus callosum
Frontal: judgement, impulse control, language, problem solving, reasoning, memory, ability to plan
Parietal: arithmetic, reading, sensroy information
Occiptal: visual processing
Temporal: memory, hearing, preception, recognition

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18
Q

What is the thalamus?

A
  • relay centre for sensory input on its way to cortex
  • amplifies some, suppresses others
  • directs into to specific parts of cerebrum
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19
Q

What is the Basal Ganglia?

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A
  • region connecting, thalamus, cerebrum, brainstem

- centre for motor control, memory, learning

20
Q

Describe the Limbic System

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A

-set of structures under thalamus, emotions, behaviour & memory
Hypothalamus: homeostatic mechanism, sends msgs with pituitary gland
Amagdala: controls feelings such as fear/aggression

21
Q

What are related areas?

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A
  • connects pathways to various parts of cerebrum & limbic system
  • sends info dealing with emotion, memory, pleasure, award, addiction
22
Q

Structure-Spinal Cord

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A

-extends dwon from medulla through vertebral column
white-outside layer
grey-inside layer
-3 layers of meninges and cerebrospinal fluid
-31 pairs of nerve roots branch from spinal cord btw verebrae

23
Q

What is a nerve root?

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A
  • mixed root with sensory and motor neurons
  • sensory dorsal (back)
  • motor front
24
Q

Describe all parts of relex arc pathway

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A

sensory receptor- senses stimulus
sensory neuron- carries msg to spinal cord
assosiated neuron- recieve msg, stimulates motor neuron
motor neuron- sends msg to effector
*unconscious control because conscious brain not activated until after neurons involved

25
What is the spinal cord's function?
- connects brain to PNS | - act as integrating centre in spinal reflex arc
26
Describe the PNS (Peripheral NS)
-made up of 12 cranial nerves, 31 pairs spinal nerves, divided into 3 subsystems: sensory system- sends msgs to CNS stomatic system-sends msgs away from CNS to voluntary skeletal muscles autonomic system- sends msgs away from CNS to involuntary smooth muscles
27
What are the 2 antogonostic subsytems of the ANS?
Parasympathetic | Sympathetic
28
Describe the Sympathetic NS
- fight or flight, deals with stress/physical activities - dialate pupils/bronchioles - increase heart rate - direct blood to skeletal muscles - inhibit digestive secretions/peristalis
29
Describe the Parasympatheic NS
- rest and relaxation, deals with visceral functions - constricts pupils/bronchioles - decreases heart rate - direct blood to visceral organs - stimulate peristalsis & digestive secretions
30
What is passive transport?
Factors Affecting: size, polarity, charge -two potentials/gradients: electric, chemical determine direction of movement -net -ve charge inside cell relative to outside
31
What is Faciliated Diffusion
- requires integral proteins that can be opened/closed (gated) - 3 types: ligand, voltage, mechanical
32
Ligand-Gated Channels
ligands-molecules that change proteins shape - bind to protein causing channel to open - ligand not transported when channel open
33
Mechanically-Gated Channels
- force used to pry open channels | ie. cilia movement
34
Voltage-Gated Channels
- difference of voltages across membrane, cause proteins shape to change - open/close channel
35
Active Transport
- requires integral protein & ATP | - pumping molecules against concentration gradient (high to low)
36
What is resting potential?
-70mv, Na/K channel open (active transport) and 2 K in to cell, 3 Na coming out cell [Na]in[K]out
37
What is depolarization?
- when threshold of -50mv reached, Na channel opens and Na rushes into cell, causing action potential to right to +35mV, - if threshold not reached, goes back to resting potential, (all of none law of depolarization)
38
What is repolarization?
- once reaches +35mV, K channel opens and K rushes out of cell - causes reverse polarity and brings action potential back down to -70mV
39
What is reloading?
- once potential reaches -70mV, Na/K channel open and restore gradient, (3 Na out, 2 K in) - membrane unresponsive: refractory period
40
What is action potential?
- wave of depolarization sweeping down Nodes of Ranvier until reach axon terminal - called nerve impule action potential
41
Define: synaptic clef, synapse, neurotransmitter
synaptic celf: gap btw. axon of 1 neuron & dendrites of next synapse: area btw synaptic clef & next neuron neurotransmitter: chemical that carry nerve impulses - excititory--cause depolarization in postsynaptic - inhibitory--cause postsynaptic cell to become resistant to depolarization
42
What happens when impulse reaches an axon terminal?
- Ca channels open and Ca rushes into axon terminal, bind to vesicles containing NT and cause vesicles to release contents into synapse - NT travel across synapse and bind to receptors on postsynapic cell, act as ligands and cause Na channel to open on next neuron: depolarization
43
What is summation?
- 1 presynaptic neuron stimulus not strong enough to trigger response in postsynaptic cell spatial: more than one neuron stimulate postsynaptic neuron temporal: one neuron stimulates postsynaptic neuron several times
44
What happens to NT when they are "done their job"?
- reuptake by presynaptic neuron | - broken down by enzymes
45
What are the NT of PNS?
stomatic: acetycholine sensory: acetycholine parasympathetic: acetycholine sympathetic: norepinphrine
46
What are the NT of CNS?
Glutemate: excitatory, causes depolarization in postsynaptic cell GABA:inhibits depolarization as hyperpolarizes postsynaptic cell (Cl channel) Dopamine: found in centres responsible for memory/cognition, controls movement (lack = Parkinson's), pleasure, motivation, reward-seeking Seretonin- plays a role in sleep, appetite, aggression, controls mood Endorphins- inhibit transmission of pain (bind to opiod receptors)
47
How do drugs work?
1. Alter NT released from vesicles - nicotine/amphetamines = dopamine 2. Mimic NT - opiates minic endorphines - LSD stimulates seretonin receptors/release - alcohole stimulates GADA receptors 3. Block NT reuptake system - nicotine = dopamine - estacy= serotonin - cocaine=dopamine & serotonin
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