Hormone Introduction

Question 1

what are the four tissue layers

Answer 1

connective
epithelial
nervous
muscle

Question 2

transcription

Answer 2

DNA to RNA

Question 3

what are the types of signals

Answer 3

sensory
environmental
chemical

Question 4

what is a hormone

Answer 4

chemical signaling molecules that regulate physiological function

Question 5

what are the four classes of hormones

Answer 5

peptides
glycoproteins
steroids
prostoglandins

Question 6

what are peptides also known as

Answer 6

protein hormones

Question 7

peptides

Answer 7

• small
• low molecular weight
• only few amino acids

Question 8

what are the building blocks of peptides

Answer 8

amino acids

Question 9

what are peptides joined by

Answer 9

peptide bonds

Question 10

what are the building blocks of glycoproteins

Answer 10

peptides and carbs

Question 11

glycoproteins

Answer 11

• very large
• high molecular weight
• carbohydrate side chains on each unit

Question 12

how are glycoproteins made

Answer 12

• 2 peptides joined together
• alpha and beta subunits

Question 13

what is the building blocks of steroids

Answer 13

cholesterol

Question 14

steroids

Answer 14

• medium size and molecular weight
• hydrophobic
• lipid soluble

Question 15

what is the common molecular nucleus called in steroids

Answer 15

cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus

Question 16

how are prostaglandins synthesized

Answer 16

from arachidonic acid

Question 17

prostaglandins

Answer 17

• long chain of poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)
• PGF2alpha
• PGE2

Question 18

amplitude

Answer 18

amount being released

Question 19

frequency

Answer 19

how often being released

Question 20

what is the episodic pattern

Answer 20

• high amplitude
• low frequency

Question 21

surge release

Answer 21

episodic

Question 22

what is basal pattern

Answer 22

• low amplitude
• high frequency

Question 23

tonic release

Answer 23

basal

Question 24

what is sustained pattern

Answer 24

• remains high amplitude
• stable
• long time frame

Question 25

what is another term for signal

Answer 25

ligand

Question 26

when does a hormone begin to work

Answer 26

when it binds to its specific receptor

Question 27

is outside of the cell hydrophilic or hydrophobic

Answer 27

hydrophilic

Question 28

is inside cell hydrophilic or hydrophilic

Answer 28

hydrophobic - lipid soluble

Question 29

what kind of hormones cannot directly enter cell

Answer 29

peptide glycoprotein prostaglandins

Question 30

what hormones utilize membrane receptors

Answer 30

peptide glycoprotein prostaglandins

Question 31

what hormones must act through a second messenger system

Answer 31

peptide glycoprotein prostaglandins

Question 32

what hormones utilize plasma membrane, cytoplasmic, and nuclear receptors

Answer 32

steroid

Question 33

what hormones do not require a second messenger

Answer 33

steroid

Question 34

which hormone complex becomes a transcription factor

Answer 34

steroid

Question 35

what is the universal 2nd messenger

Answer 35

cAMP

Question 36

what causes the G protein to be turned on

Answer 36

binding of hormone to receptor

Question 37

what does the G protein lead to

Answer 37

adenylate cyclase

Question 38

what is the job of the adenylate cyclase

Answer 38

cleaves off 2 phosphates

Question 39

what is the job of the cAMP

Answer 39

activates cell to make products

Question 40

what do peptides and glycoproteins binds to and degrade in

Answer 40

liver

Question 41

what systems does the prostaglandin hormone go through

Answer 41

liver and lungs

Question 42

what causes inactivation of prostaglandins

Answer 42

dehydrogenases

Question 43

how are steroids solubilized

Answer 43

by binding to carrier proteins - albumin - sex hormone binding globulin - transcortin

Question 44

what is the process to steroid activation

Answer 44

1. steroid passes thru liver 2. liver renders steroid water soluble 3. re-enters blood and enters kidney 4. excreted in waste products as glucuronide or sulfate