Hormones and Behavior Flashcards
(47 cards)
1
Q
Hormones are elevated/altered by
A
- age
- ecological cues
- social factors
- trauma
- illness
- nutrition
2
Q
3 kinds of spirits
A
- animals
- vital
- natural
- the relationship between brain and behavior is regulated by “body humors” or hormones
3
Q
Portal blood vessels
- connects what
- who discovered its function
- posterior pit?
A
- connects hypothalamus (brain base) to anterior pituitary
- Used to think the portal was for hormones in pituitary to fuse into the brain
- Geoffrey Harris proposed the opposite: hypothalamus makes releasing hormones go through blood vessels to pituitary - rest of body
- brain controls hormones
- posterior pit hormones don’t require this
4
Q
adrenal glad
A
- secretes cortisol
- stress hormone
5
Q
CRH axis
A
- hypothal: CRH
- ant pit: ACTH
- adrenal: cortisol
- cortisol has negative feedback on the hypothalamus and ant pit
6
Q
GnRH axis
A
- hypothal: GnRH
- ant pit: LH, FSH
- ovaries/testes: E and P/T
- E and P have negative feedback on hypothalamus and ant pit
7
Q
gonads
A
- secrete testosterone (males)
- secrete E and P (females)
- reproduction hormones
8
Q
changes caused by hormones
A
- acute changes
- chronic changes
- rhythmic changes (diurnal, monthly, annually)
- timing of puberty
- duration and success of pregnancy
- biology of aging (senescence) - aging clock
9
Q
male reproduction characteristics
A
- dominance and aggression
- testosterone increases
10
Q
activities that affect testosterone levels
A
- dominance: in higher ranking males T inc
- wounding/trauma T dec
- group size/group complexity - depends
- mating season - increase T
- presence of females
11
Q
study of hierarchy and testosterone levels
- study system
- findings
A
- squirrel monkeys
- monkey winning squabble for higher rank had higher T levels
12
Q
Coe study about Testosterone
A
-testosterone increases within 24 hours of pairing in squirrel monkeys
13
Q
T daily rhythm in males
A
- rises at night - best time to study monkeys
- falls throughout the day
14
Q
pattern of male sexuality in rhesus macaques
A
-males only produce active sperm during the months when females are actually fertile
15
Q
pattern of male sexuality in male gorillas
A
- male libido is generally low
- females initiate most sexual contact
16
Q
pattern of male sexuality in male chimpanzees
A
- male sexual motivation is high
- male initiates sexual contact
17
Q
menstrual influences
A
- on male behavior and hormones
- on other females (synchrony)
- social cues
- ovariectomized (brought into estrus out of breeding season)
- estrogen facilitates
- progesterone inhibits
- attractiveness, receptivity, proceptivity
18
Q
3 characteristics of estrus
A
- attractiveness
- proceptivity - female initiative
- receptibity - designed to facilitate copulation itself
19
Q
phases of menstrual cycle
A
- follicular phase: follicle matures due to increased FSH from ant pit; estradiol increases
- Luteal: increasing estradiol causes LH surge; ovulation occurs; CL forms and makes progesterone; goes away if not pregnant
20
Q
reproduction in marmosets and tamarins
A
- reproductive suppression
- social behavior and olfactory cues
- GABA can inhibit secretion of hormones at the hypothalamus level
21
Q
detecting hormone levels
A
- blood
- saliva - 1/10
- urine - metabolites
- fecal - metabolites
- hair - longer time frame
22
Q
lemur
- puberty
- gestation
- birth interval
A
- puberty: 1-2yr
- gestation: 2-4 mo
- birth interval: 1 yr
23
Q
monkeys
- puberty
- gestation
- birth interval
A
- puberty: 3-4 yr
- gestation: 5-7 mo
- birth interval: 1-2 yr
24
Q
apes
- puberty
- gestation
- birth interval
A
- puberty: 10-14 yr
- gestation: 8mo
- birth interval: 4-8 yr
25
humans
- puberty
- gestation
- birth interval
- puberty: 12-18 yr
- gestation: 9mo
- birth interval: 4 yr
26
mating/birthing times of year
- dry season: mate
| - wet season: birth
27
behavioral changes during pregnancy
- lethargy
- sexual abstinence
- eating and drinking changes
28
B marriot
- studied changing associations and ranging
- observed that older females hang out with more females
- less play with age (pimparious females)
29
duration of pregnancy
- prosimians
- monkeys
- apes
- prosimians: 2-4 mo
- monkeys: 5.5-7 mo
- Apes: 8 mo
30
Twinning
- rare
- less common in apes than it is in humans
- 1/60-80 births
31
hemochorial placenta
- penetrates deeply into uterus
- very small distance between baby blood and mother's blood
- when women/primates gibe birth - more blood b/c more of uterus is coming out
32
physiological changes
- water needs increase
| - hormone levels change
33
increase in water needs
- water makes up 50% of blood volume
- may be why monkey's give birth during the rainy season
- huge change in blood volume because of increased consumption - can cause high BP
34
Hormones before conception
- progesterone comes from CL on ovary
| - CL regresses if there is no pregnancy
35
Egg maturation
- secondary follicle released
| - egg fully matures after fusing with sperm
36
Chorionic Gonadotropin
-in NW primates, CG is released from placenta during the middle of pregnancy; subsides at the end of pregnancy
37
Cortisol
- liberates glucose and makes it available for baby
| - inhibits parts of the immune system that would reject baby
38
Estrogen
- rises until birth
- maintains pregnancy
- stimulates breast tissue to be ready to make milk
39
Progesterone
- rises until birth
- maintains pregnancy
- keeps uterus from contracting before its the right time
40
Prolactin
- begins to rise right before birth
| - stimulates milk production
41
Oxytocin
- surge right during/after birth
- induces contractions for birth
- also triggered by suckling
- bonding hormone
42
Chimpanzees in captivity when pregnant
- spend more time sitting, less time traveling
- usually travel 6-10 mi per day
- alone in nature during pregnancy
- pull away from younger chimps, gravitate toward other females in social group
43
length of paturition
- usually happens at night
| - 0.5-3/4 hrs
44
orientation of baby upon birth
- head first
| - feet first - usually still birth
45
monkey sizes
- gorilla is about 3 lbs
| - chimpanzee is 7-8 lbs
46
placentophagia
- avoid predation
- hormones
- nutrients
- remove baby
- blood transfusion
47
JD
- first time mother
| - did everything wrong, baby died
