Housing

Question 1

NY state legislation associated with the public health movement and model tenement movement (1855).

2nd half of 1800s

First major housing code in the US.

Required rooms have windows (not required to open to the outside).

Answer 1

Tenement House Act of 1867

Question 2

NY state legislateion passed to address 1867 act’s shortcomings.

Required all windows to open to outside air - lead to dumbbell tenements (open air shafts).

Lead to “old law tenements” - poor lighting, little air, and little space.

Answer 2

Tenement House Act of 1879

Question 3

Book published by Jacob Riis (1890).

Used photos to show NYC poor.

Answer 3

How the Other Half Lives

Question 4

NY State legislation that outlawed dumbbell tenements.

“New Law tenements”

Vigorously enforced by the City - required inspections and permits for construction and alterations.

Required wider light and air access, toilets/running water in every unit.

Answer 4

Tenement House Law of 1901

Question 5

Published by Clarence Perry in 1929.

Part of Regional Plan of New York and its Environs.

Defines a neighborhood based on a five-minute walking radius with school at the center.

Approximate area of160 acres.

Answer 5

Neighborhood Unit Concept

Question 6

Created in 1934 (Great Depression)

Provided 85% of the cost of public housing projects.

First federally supported public housing program.

Answer 6

Public Works Administration (PWA)

Question 7

Passed by US Congress in 1934.

Established Federal Housing Administration (FHA) with purpose of insuring home mortgages.

Answer 7

National Housing Act

Question 8

Government agency that used New Deal funds to develop new towns (Greendale, WI; Greenhills, OH; and Greenbelt, MD).

1935 - Depression era

Answer 8

Resettlement Administration

Question 9

$500 million in home loans for low-cost housing development.

Tied slum clearence to public housing (first time).

Established “Section 8” - authorized rental assitance where owner reserves some/all units of a building for low-income tenants.

1937

Answer 9

U.S. Housing Act of 1937

Question 10

AKA “G.I. Bill”

Guranteed home loans to veterans

1944

Answer 10

Serviceman’s Readjustment Act of 1944

Question 11

First comprehensive housing legislation.

Called for construction of 800,000 new housing units.

Emphasized slum clearence.

1949

Answer 11

Housing Act of 1949

Question 12

Federal legislation called for slum prevention/urban renewal.

Funding for planning for cities under 25,000 population.

Section 701 funds expanded later for statewide, interstate, and regional planning.

1954

Answer 12

Housing Act of 1954

Question 13

Federal Legislation made matching federal funds available for comprehensive planning at metropolitan, region, state, and interstate levels.

1959

Answer 13

Housing Act of 1959

Question 14

Federal legislation that provided interest subsidies to nonprofit organizations and similar for construction of public housing projects for low/moderate income families.

1961

Answer 14

Housing Act of 1961

Question 15

Government agency formed in 1965.

Established rent subsidies for the poor, home loans at reduced interest rates, and subsidies for public housing projects.

Answer 15

U.S. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)

Question 16

1966 launch of the model cities program.

Financial incentives for coordinated metro planning for open space, water supply, sewage disposal, and mass transit.

Loan gurantee program to encourage development of “new communities”.

Answer 16

Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act

Question 17

Part of the 1968 Civil Rights Act - racial discrimination in sale/rental/financing of housing is illegal.

Title VIII and Title IX of Civil Rights Act…

Based on race, religion, national origin, and sex.

Disabilities and families with kids (1988)

Answer 17

Fair Housing Act (FHA) of 1968

Question 18

Provided for construction of six million subsideized housing units.

Authorized monthly subsidies for private houses for low-income families.

1968

Answer 18

Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968

Question 19

1954-1972

St. Louis high-rise public housing

Demolition marked shift away from high-rise, concentrated poverty public housing.

Answer 19

Pruitt-Igoe

Question 20

Program created under Housing and Community Development Act (1974)

Federal funds (flexible) to communities to improve blighted areas.

Consolidation of 6 urban programs into one.

Established Section 8 voucher program (as we know it today) - rent subsidies for low-income housing.

Answer 20

Community Development Block Grant (CBDG) Program

Question 21

Legislation that regualted manufactured housing units (mobile homes).

Local ordinances can regulate location, size, and appearance.

Mobile homes 1976-present (updated in 2000).

Answer 21

National Manufactured Housing Construction and Safety Act of 1974

Question 22

Federal Legislation that requires financial institutions to report mortgage data to the public.

Stemmed from credit shortages in some neighborhoods.

Ensures banks are serving their communities fairly and prevents discriminatory lending patterns.

1975

Answer 22

Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) of 1975

Question 23

Federal legislation encouraging banks to meet credit needs of low- and mdoer-income neighborhoods.

Reverse the effects of redlining.

Requires federal regulations to assess how well each bank fulfills its obligations to neighborhoods.

1977

Answer 23

Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) of 1977

Question 24

Government program to promote public-private partnerships for urban redevleopment.

Required intergovernmental cooperation in project placement.

Cut funding to Section 701 comprehensive planning program.

1977 (amendment to 1974 Housing and Community Development Act).

Answer 24

Urban Development Action Grant Program (1977)

Question 25

Established HOME program - funds for housing rehabilitation.

1990

Answer 25

National Affordable Housing Act of 1990

Question 26

Congressional grant program provides funds for redevelopment of public housing.

Allowed for demolition of public housing and reconstruction of mixed-income housing, instead.

Followed new-urbanism.

Disperserd public housing from previously concentrated areas.

1992

Answer 26

HOPE IV (1992)

Question 27

HUD required plan - need to receive funds.

Single application for CDBG, HOME, ESG, and HOPWA programs.

Process and a document for housing, homeless, and community development issues and actions.

1995

Answer 27

Consolidated Plan

Question 28

What percentage of America will be over the age of 65 by 2030?

Answer 28

20% of U.S. population

Question 29

Operate in low- and moderate-inocme areas.

Certified by U.S. Treasurey

Locate branches and provide loans in economically distressed areas.

Answer 29

Community Development Banks

Question 30

Unincorporated subdivisions with little/no infrastructure sold to low-incoe immigrants and minorities.

AZ, CA, NM, and TX

Result of little affordable housing near Mexican border.

500,000 people live in 2,294 of these.

Answer 30

Colonias

Question 31

Term for broad range of topics promoting economic, social, and environmenal health.

Answer 31

Community Development

Question 32

Affordable housing for teachers, nurses, police, etc.

Answer 32

Workforce Housing

Question 33

Term for cities encouraging residents to occupy/renovate vacant city properties.

HUD can sell Federally owend properties to be sold to homesteaders.

Answer 33

Urban Homesteading

Question 34

Interest/increased property value earned from labor.

Ex. Habitat for Humanity

Answer 34

Sweat Equity

Question 35

Homelessness Notes

Lack of affordable hosuing, limited scale of housing assistance programs contribute to current crisis.

Foreclosure rates increased since Great Recession.

Linked with poverty - major expense poor people can’t cover.

Other major issues = lack of health care, domestic violence, mental illness and addiction.