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Module 9 > Housing, Environment, Animal Health > Flashcards

Housing, Environment, Animal Health Flashcards

1
Q

why do we house animals (9)

A
  1. predators
  2. biosecurity
  3. control of diet
  4. parasite control
  5. ease of management
  6. control of environment
  7. rest pasture
  8. increase output from pasture

9. productivity

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2
Q

what are a housing system’s requirements (10)

A
  1. contain stock
  2. provide shelter
  3. provide dry comfortable lying + loafing area
  4. provide suitable nutrition
  5. remove excess moisture
  6. remove noxious gases
  7. maintain appropriate temp ranges
  8. separate animals from fecal matter/urine
  9. manage the pathogen load
  10. provide safe working environment
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3
Q

what are housing extras (3)

A
  1. milking facilities
  2. handling facilities
  3. separation facilities: for males, ill animals, birthing, age/management groups
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4
Q

what are the ABCs of housing

A

A: air

B: bunk (feed not bed)

C: comfort (bed)

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5
Q

what are problems attributed to housing (6)

A
  1. disease
  2. injury
  3. inappropriate welfare
  4. sub-optimal production
  5. death
  6. increased costs/lower efficiency
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6
Q

what goes wrong in housing systems (5)

A
  1. management
  2. building design
  3. building location
  4. breakages
  5. changes in stocking density, stock type, management
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7
Q

what are housing issues

A
  1. temperature
  2. humidity
  3. noxious gases
  4. pathogen buildup
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8
Q

what are the environmental temp zones for livestock

A
  1. upper critical temp (UTC): heat stress
  2. thermo-neutral zone: optimal for performance and health
  3. lower critical temp (LTC): cold stress
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9
Q

what are the environmental factors impacting thermo-neutral and comfort temperatures

A
  1. airspeed/convection
  2. air temp
  3. moisture content of atmosphere
  4. conduction
  5. radiation
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10
Q

what are the animal factors that impact the thermo-neutral temperatures

A
  1. coat length, type and whether wet or dry
  2. metabolic work
  3. size (surface area/body mass)
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11
Q

what is the difference between absolute vs relative humidity

A
  1. absoulte: measure of actual amount of water vapour present in a given quantity of the air
  2. relative humidity: measure of water vapour present in air expressed as a percentage of the maximum amount of water which the air is capable of holding, when it is saturated at that particular air temperature
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12
Q

why does humidity matter

A

if RH 100% = feels warmer

if RH 0% = feels colder

humidity affects thermal comfort

pathogens survive less well at low RH

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13
Q

what is the amount of moisture affected by (4)

A
  1. stocking rate
  2. diet
  3. how feces and urine managed
  4. ingress of rainfall
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14
Q

why is it important to control humidity in cold environments (5)

A
  1. prevent condensation on internal surfaces and consequent deterioration of materials
  2. enable bedding, flooring to dry out
  3. reduce pathogen load
  4. prevent animals coats becoming wet, which increases heat loss
  5. provide a more pleasant environment for stock and workers
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15
Q

what are moisture sources (4)

A
  1. urine: cannot alter apart from stocking density mainly a matter of prompt removal
  2. feces: diet has some effect mainly a matter of prompt removal
  3. respiration: cannot control apart from altering stocking density
  4. rain ingress: maintenance and design/sitting of building
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16
Q

how are feces and urine managed

A
  1. deep bedded: straw, paper, woodchip
  2. slats
  3. cubicles
  4. scrapers
  5. slopes
17
Q

what are noxious gases

A

co2

nh3

h2s

methane

slurry gas: actively kills, masks do not work

18
Q

what does good, adequate ventilation do (5)

A
  1. removes moisture
  2. removes noxious gases, replenishes O2
  3. removes heat
  4. removes airborne pathogens and particles
  5. doesn’t create drafts
19
Q

what are the objective of ventilation (4)

A
  1. ensure good mixing of incoming air with air already inside building
  2. provide stable air flow patter
  3. provide optimum ventilation rates in summer and winter
  4. can be designed to achieve changes in animal behaviour
20
Q

what are the air space effects

A

larger air space creates a diluting effect (cubic airspace and stock density) but may mean there is inadequate heat for stack effect to operate

freq. ventilation rates are referred to as air changes per hour –> well ventilated building will have 10-15 changes per hour

21
Q

how is temperature control (6)

A
  1. insulation
  2. direct heating
  3. control of ventilation
  4. control of drafts
  5. stocking density/airspace allowance
  6. evaporative cooling in hot climates
22
Q

what does good housing provide

A
  1. suitable temperature
  2. adequate fecal/urine separation
  3. adequate O2
  4. no buildup of noxious gases/pathogens
  5. appropriate feeding
  6. safe and secure environment

Module 9 (43 decks)

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