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Module 9 > Lungs- General Anatomy, Structure & Function > Flashcards

Lungs- General Anatomy, Structure & Function Flashcards

1
Q

what occurs to the trachea

A

turn into right and left principle bronchus (primary/chief) –> enter at “root” or hilus of lung

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2
Q

what is the tracheal bronchus

A

in ruminant and pigs –> cranial to bifurcation –> cranial lobe right lung

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3
Q

what occurs to bronchus

A

subdivided –> lobar; segmental; med-small bronchi

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4
Q

what occurs to cartilage support with increasing subdivision of bronchus

A

cartilage support decreases with subdivision

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5
Q

what is the final part of the airway conducting system

A

bronchioles and terminal bronchioles

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6
Q

do bronchioles have cartilage support

A

no

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7
Q

what are the structures shown in the bronchgram

A
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8
Q

what is the pathway of air from the trachea to lungs

A

trachea –> left and right primary bronchus (+ tracheal bronchus)

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9
Q

where does deoxygenated blood travel from

A

from heart to lungs –> pulmonary trunk –> left and right pulmonary arteries

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10
Q

where does oxygenated blood travel

A

from lungs returns to heart via pulmonary veins

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11
Q

where do bronchial arteries arise and what is their function

A

directly from aorta and supply lung tissue with oxygenated blood

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12
Q

what occurs to cartilage in the intra-pulmonary branches

A

cartilage rings become irregulat plates

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13
Q

what forms between the cartilage and mucosa of intra-pulmonary branches

A

smooth muscle forms continuous spirals between cartilage and mucosa

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14
Q

what is the function of smooth muscle in the intra-pulmonary branches

A

controls airway diameter –> parasympathetic constriction

asthma: sympathomimetric drugs cause relaxation

smooth muscle continues to level of alveolar ducts

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15
Q

what glands are present in intra-pulmonary branches

A

seromucus glands

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16
Q

what is BALT

A

bronchial associated lymphoid tissue in lamina propria

17
Q

what cells become less numerous in the intra-pulmonary branches

A

goblet cells

18
Q

what are these structures

A
19
Q

what is the difference between a bronchus and bronchiole

A

bronchus has cartilage support, ciliated epithelium

bronchiole more simplified epithelium, no BALT

20
Q

what are the features of bronchioles (5)

A
  1. no cartilage
  2. no seromucus glands
  3. smooth muscle persists
  4. simple cuboidal epithelium
  5. club cells (clara cells) dominate
  6. goblet cells gradually disappear
21
Q

what structure is this

A

bronchiole

22
Q

how do bronchioles prevent themselves from collapsing

A

have elastic fibres within walls –> elastic recoil after contraction of smooth muscle

produces surfactant –> changes surface tension

23
Q

what cells are these and where are they

A

club cells

in bronchioles

24
Q

what are the structures

A
25
Q

what are the 2 main cell types in the alveoli

A
  1. type 1 pneumocyte (97%)
  2. type 2 pneumocyte (3%)
26
Q

what are type 1 pneumocytes

A

squamous alveolar

27
Q

what are type 2 pneumocytes and what is their function

A

septal cells

produce surfactant

reduces surface tension and stops alveolar collapse

28
Q

what are the alveolar structures

A
29
Q

what is another cell type in alveoli

A

alveolar macrophages

30
Q

what are the functions of alveolar macrophages

A

defence of lung

efficient phagocytes

carried along with surfactant to pharynx and swallowed

31
Q

where do alveolar macrophages reside

A

cross alveoli capillary wall to reside on gaseous surface of alveolus (diapedesis)

32
Q

what is the origin of alveolar macrophages

A

bone marrow monocyte

33
Q

what is the blood gas barrier and its 3 components

A
  1. type 1 pneumocyte (alveolus)
  2. fused basal membranes of alveolar and endothelial cells
  3. endothelial cell (capillary)
34
Q

how does the larynx, trachea and lung develop embryonically

A

ventral outgrowth of primitive pharynx (foregut, endoderm)

tracheo-esophageal septum eventually separates trachea and esphagus at level of developing larynx

blind ending respiratory diverticulum continues to grow caudally into mesoderm –> splits into 2 lung buds, buds further split to form the bronchial tree

35
Q

what is the cartilage/smooth muscle components derivered from

A

mesoderm

36
Q

what are the phases of lung parenchyma development

A
  1. pseudo glandular phase: mid gestation-bronchial pattern becomes established
  2. canalicular phase: alveoli begin to develop
  3. saccular phase: type 2 pneumocytes form and start to produce surfactant
  4. alveolar phase: alveoli continue to develop after birth

lung is fluid filled and alveoli are collapsed until first breath

37
Q

what are the structures

A
38
Q

what structure is this

A

alveoli

39
Q
A

Module 9 (43 decks)

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