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Module 9 > Larynx- Controlling Airways & Noise > Flashcards

Larynx- Controlling Airways & Noise Flashcards

1
Q

what are the extrinsic muscles of the larynx

A
  1. thyrohyoid muscle
  2. cricothyroid muscle
  3. sternothyroid muscle
  4. sternohyoid muscle
  5. sternocephalic muscle
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2
Q

which muscles move the larynx caudally

A
  1. thyrohyoid m
  2. sternohyoid m
  3. sternothyroid m
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3
Q

which muscles move the pharynx, tongue and hyoid apparatus rostrally

A
  1. geniohyoid muscle
  2. hypoglossus muscle
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4
Q

what are the muscles shown

A
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5
Q

what are the muscles of the pharynx, tongue and hyoid apparatus innervated by

A

hypoglossal nerve (XII)

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6
Q

what are the ventral muscles of the neck innervated by

A

ventral branch of cervical spinal nerve and accessory nerve (XI)

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7
Q

what is the function of the larynx

A

controls the amount of air entering lower respiratory passageways and closes the larynx during swallowing

does this by altering the position of the vocal processes (arytenoid) and folds

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8
Q

what are the instrinsic muscles of the larynx

A
  1. dorsal cricoarytenoid m
  2. transverse arytenoid m
  3. cricothyroid m
  4. lateral cricoarytenoid m
  5. thyroarytenoid m
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9
Q

what is the function of dorsal cricoarytenoid m and what nerve innervates it

A

abductor

opens the glottis

innervated by caudal recurrent laryngeal nerve (branch of vagus nerve X)

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10
Q

what is the function of transverse arytenoid muscle and what innervates it

A

adductor –> closes the glottis, pulls arytenoid cartilages together

innervated by caudal (recurrent) laryngeal nerve (branch of vagus)

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11
Q

what is the function of the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle and what does it innervate

A

adducts the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilages –> closes the glottis

innervated by caudal (recurent) laryngeal nerve

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12
Q

what is the function of thyroarytenoid muscle

A

adjust tension in vocal folds (fine adjustment)

innervated by caudal (recurrent) laryngeal nerve

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13
Q

what does the thyroarytenoid muscle split into in the dog and horse

A

splits into ventricularis and vocal muscle

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14
Q

what does the lateral ventricle in the dog responsible for

A

barking

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15
Q

what are the intrinsic muscles shown

A
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16
Q

what intrinsic muscles are shown

A

red: dorsal cricoarytenoid m
blue: transverse arytenoid m

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17
Q

what intrinsic muscle is this

A

cricothyroid m

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18
Q

what intrinsic muscle is shown

A

lateral cricoarytenoid m

lateral wall of the thyroid cartilage has been removed to reveal the lateral cricoarytenoid musles

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19
Q

what intrinsic muscle is shown

A

thyroarytenoid mm

lateral wall thyroid cartilage has been removed to reveal the thyroarytenoid muscle (splits in horses, dogs and pigs)

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20
Q

complete this chart

A
21
Q

what is the blood supply to the laryngeal region

A

cranial and caudal laryngeal artery (branch of common carotid artery)

satellite veins drain

22
Q

what is the lymphatic drainage of the laryngeal region

A

retro-pharyngeal lymph nodes

23
Q

what occurs to the larynx during swallowing

A
  1. bolus formed in oral cavity
  2. pushed into oropharynx by tongue (voluntary)
  3. soft palate elevated to close off nasopharynx
  4. bolus moved thru pharynx into esophagus by sequential contraction of constrictor muscles while larynx and hyoid apparatus are moved rostrally
  5. epiglottis partially covers aditus
  6. glottis closed by lateral cricoarytenoid mm/transverse arytenoid mm
  7. bolus passes over or around epiglottis

if food doesn’t enter –> contact with mucosa of vestibule initiates reflex coughing

24
Q

how does the larynx lead to vocalization

A

narrowing and widening to glottis causes air to vibrate the vocal folds

pitch –> length and tension of vocal folds, action of cricothyroid mm/thyroarytenoid mm

resonance –> other cavities of the head (paranasal sinuses)

25
Q

what are clinical problems associated with larynx in horses

A
  1. soft palate displacement
  2. aryepiglottic fold entrapment
  3. left recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (hemiplegia)
26
Q

what is soft palate displacement

A

dislocation of larynx and trapping of epiglottis below soft palate (chocking up-gurgling)

corrected by removing epiglottis

27
Q

what is aryepiglottic fold entrapment

A

folds partially covers entrance to glottis

28
Q

what is left recurrent laryngeal neuropathy in horses

A

degeneration of left recurrent laryngeal nerve

results in paralysis of left dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle (abductor) –> vocal fold becomes flaccid

29
Q

how is left recurrent laryngeal neuropathy corrected

A

prosthesis, removal of lateral ventricle

30
Q

what are clinical problems associated with larynx in dogs

A
  1. elongation of soft palate
  2. fractures of larynx and hyoid
  3. paralysis of larynx (older dogs, inherited in some cases)
31
Q

what is the shape of epiglottis is ruminants

A

epiglottis –> rounded

32
Q

what is the shape of the vestibule in ruminants

A

short and deep vestibule

33
Q

what is the features of the interior in the ruminants

A

smooth

34
Q

are there vestibular folds/lateral ventricles/cuneiform processes in ruminants

A

no

35
Q

is the glottis wide or narrow in ruminants

A

narrow

36
Q

what is the shape of the vestibule in pigs

A

long and narrow

37
Q

what is the shape of epiglottis in pigs

A

large round apex

38
Q

what is the feature of the arytenoid cartilage in pigs

A

bifid corniculate process

39
Q

are there lateral ventricles in the pig

A

yes

40
Q

is the median recess present in pigs

A

yes

41
Q

what is the shape of the epiglottis in horses

A

pointed

42
Q

are there corniculate processes on the arytenoids in horses

A

yes

they are prominant

43
Q

do horses have lateral ventricles and a median recess

A

yes

44
Q

what is good access for surgery in horse larynx

A

thyroid notch is large

45
Q

what is assocaited with epiglottis in horses

A

cuneiform processes

46
Q

what species is this

A

ruminant

47
Q

what species is this

A

pig

48
Q

what species is this

A

horse

Module 9 (43 decks)

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