How Cells Respond To Injury

Question 1

What are the four types of tissue

Answer 1

Epithelial, muscle, nervous, connective tissue

Question 2

Types of cell growth

Answer 2

Multiplicative, auxetic, accretionary

Question 3

Multiplicative

Answer 3

Increase in cell numbers, happens a lot in embryology

Question 4

Auxetic

Answer 4

Increase in cell size

Question 5

Accretionary

Answer 5

Increase of extracellular tissue e.g. bone tissue growth

Question 6

Can labile cells regenerate

Answer 6

Yes

Question 7

Can stable cells regenerate

Answer 7

Sometimes

Question 8

Permanent sells can’t

Answer 8

Regenerate as they are terminally differentiated

Question 9

Proliferation

Answer 9

Cells increase in number

Question 10

Cell cycle before proliferation

Answer 10

G1, as phase, G2, mitosis

Question 11

G0 have

Answer 11

Terminally differentiated cells

Question 12

So proliferation is triggered through

Answer 12

Specific stimuli

Question 13

Cell injury causes

Answer 13

Trauma, osmotic pressure, thermal, oxygen starvation, infection, membrane failure, DNA damage, loss of growth factors, metabolic disruption

Question 14

Cell injury leads to

Answer 14

Apoptosis which is controlled cell death or necrosis which causes inflammation

Question 15

Reversible injury

Answer 15

Cell morphology causes swelling due to failure of cell membrane Ion pumps

Question 16

Apoptosis has no

Answer 16

Inflammatory stimulus and is triggered by car spaces which Cleeve other proteins to carry out apoptosis

Question 17

In necrosis cells

Answer 17

Burst and pollute with cell debris which causes an inflammatory response

Question 18

What is autophagy

Answer 18

Cellular self eating and is a response to lack of nutrients

Question 19

Will neurons and muscles divide

Answer 19

No as they are terminally differentiated so will stay in G0

Question 20

Do liver cells divide

Answer 20

Most liver cells stay in G0 so won’t divide

Question 21

Do fibroblasts and lymphocytes divide

Answer 21

Periodically they divide

Question 22

What are the four types of cell adaptation e.g. response to stress hormones or signalling

Answer 22

Hyper Trophy, hyperplasia, Atrophy, metaplasia

Question 23

What is hypertrophy

Answer 23

Increase in cell size e.g. blood pressure causes hyperTrophy and injured myocyte

Question 24

What is hyperplasia

Answer 24

Increase in cell numbers, it is tightly regulated but there is a risk of malignancy
Proliferation of differentiated cells which usually occurs after an injury

Question 25

What is atrophy

Answer 25

Decrease in cell size, Cells don’t die which causes a decrease in organs and their functions

Question 26

Atrophy causes

Answer 26

Lack of nutrients, low oxygen, ageing

Question 27

What is metaplasia

Answer 27

Replacement of one cell type with another cell type, it is caused by stress Reprogramming of stem cell differentiation, it has a high risk of malignancy

Question 28

Example of metaplasia

Answer 28

Smoking causes columnar epithelium to change to squamous epithelium which are less affective and can’t produce mucus