Skin Principles

Question 1

What are the three layers of the skin

Answer 1

Epidermis, Dermis, subcutis

Question 2

The epidermis has

Answer 2

Keratinising stratified epithelium, natural openings for hair follicles

Question 3

The four layers of the epidermis

Answer 3

Horn cell layer, granular cell layer, prickle cell layer, basal cell layer

Question 4

What are keratinocytes held together by and anchored by

Answer 4

They are held together by desmosomes and anchored to the basement membrane by hemidesmosomes

Question 5

Where are Melanocytes located

Answer 5

In the basal layer

Question 6

Where did melanocytes originate from

Answer 6

The dendritic cells originated from the neural crest

Question 7

What do you melanocytes do

Answer 7

Produce melanin And protect against UV, they also help determine skin colour

Question 8

What does the basement membrane do

Answer 8

Joins epidermis to dermis

Question 9

What is the basement membrane made out of

Answer 9

A type of IV collagen

Question 10

What is special about the basement membrane

Answer 10

It Is resistant to shearing forces

Question 11

What does the basement membrane provide

Answer 11

Structure and controls the interaction of the epithelial mesenchymal

Question 12

What is the dermis made of

Answer 12

Collagen and elastic fibres, they also have fibroblasts and histocytes

Question 13

What does the dermis do

Answer 13

Supports the epidermis

Question 14

Fibroblasts

Answer 14

They are spindle shape cells in the extracellular matrix and collagen, they are used in wound healings

Question 15

Histocytes/ Macrophages

Answer 15

Eat debris to get rid of stuff, bean shaped nuclei and they are fully differentiated

Question 16

What type of epidermal appendages are there

Answer 16

Hair, Sebaceous glands, arrector pili muscles

Question 17

Hair

Answer 17

 is made of keratin and the colour is due to the type of melanin

Question 18

Sebaceous gland formation and function

Answer 18

It is formed from sebocytes and the fluid drains into the follicle

Question 19

Types of sweat glands

Answer 19

Eccrine (all over the body)

Apocrine (in sweaty parts- armpit)

Question 20

Types of skin mecanoreceptors receptors

Answer 20

Paccinian corpuscle, meissners corpuscle, Ruffinu endings, merkel cell discs

Question 21

Meissners corpuscle

Answer 21

Common in hands and feet and formed from stacked Schwann cells

Question 22

Paccinian corpuscle

Answer 22

It is ovoid and has a lamellar structure. It senses deep pressure vibrations

Question 23

Types of scars

Answer 23

Hypertrophic and keloid

Question 24

Hypertrophic scar

Answer 24

Tissue doesn’t extend past wound

Question 25

Keloid scar

Answer 25

Extends beyond margin due to thick rope bundle of collagen

Question 26

What is haemangrioma

Answer 26

Benign tumour of blood vessel

Question 27

Skin functions

Answer 27

To cover, protection, antimicrobial defence, thermoregulation, sensing, attraction, waterproofing, secretion and absorption, vitamin d metabolism

Question 28

Homoeotherms

Answer 28

Humans are homoeothermic as they maintain their temperature above ambient temperature

Question 29

How do we control our temperature (thermoregulation)

Answer 29

Behaviour, cutaneous bloodflow (vasoconstriction and vasodilation), sweating, pilo erection, counter currents and hypothalamus

Question 30

What is cancer

Answer 30

An abnormal growth of cells which are not under control

Question 31

Three primary skin cancers are

Answer 31

Squamous cell sarcoma (from squamous cells), basal cell sarcoma (from basal cells) and melanoma (formed from melanocytes)

Question 32

Secondary skin cancer is

Answer 32

Cutaneous metasis

Question 33

How do you basal cells appear under a microscope 

Answer 33

Blue cells in the dermis

Question 34

What is skin cancer caused by

Answer 34

Mainly UV radiation

Question 35

Ruffini endings stimulus, location and ending

Answer 35

They detect stretch and warmth, There in the deep dermis and encapsulated

Question 36

Merkel cells Stimulus, location and ending

Answer 36

They detect light touch as they are in the base of the epidermis and they are non-encapsulated