Physiology Fundamentals

Question 1

Transport occurs across the

Answer 1

Phospholipid bilayer

Question 2

Channel proteins can be both

Answer 2

Non-specific and specific

Question 3

Active transport types

Answer 3

Co-transport by symporters 
Exchange via antiporters
Sodium and potassium ATP pump

Question 4

How does co transport via symporters work

Answer 4

Sodium moves down the concentration gradient so glucose can go against concentration gradient

Question 5

How does exchange by Antiporters works

Answer 5

Transport molecules in opposite direction using one gradient

Question 6

Coupling of transport processes triggers

Answer 6

Osmosis

Question 7

Ion imbalances causes

Answer 7

Nervous tics, bone deformities, oedema, cardiac arrhythmia

Question 8

Which cells in the stomach secrete acid

Answer 8

Parietal cells secrete Hydrogen and chlorine

Question 9

What is potential

Answer 9

The ability to do work

Question 10

What is voltage

Answer 10

Measure of charge separation

Question 11

Vm (membrane potential =

Answer 11

RMP (resting membrane potential

Question 12

What is membrane potential

Answer 12

Balance between positive and negative charges across a membrane, big changes a member of potential is due to a few ion movements

Question 13

An electrochemical gradient has a

Answer 13

Membrane potential

Question 14

A lumen of the gland is inhibited by

Answer 14

Omeprazole (proton pump inhibitor) which is inhibited by Oxonol dyes

Question 15

What helps regulate osmotic pressure

Answer 15

Chlorine as it can cause cell lysis

Question 16

Chloride is the second highest

Answer 16

Component of blood and it is mostly extracellular

Question 17

PH can change the charge of

Answer 17

The proton

Question 18

Antiporter

Answer 18

2 gradients going different ways

Question 19

H20 + CO2 ->

Answer 19

H2co3

Question 20

You can change voltage by changing

Answer 20

Ion concentrations

Question 21

In an electrochemical gradient the positive want to go to the

Answer 21

Negative side so increases the electrical force

Question 22

In an electrochemical gradient the negative ions want to stay on 

Answer 22

The positive side so there is a decrease in electrical forced to move

Question 23

What work together to move ions

Answer 23

Facilitated diffusion an electrochemical gradient

Question 24

Homoeostasis negative feedback systems

Answer 24

Body temperature and blood glucose

Question 25

If there is a decrease in blood glucose what happens

Answer 25

Pancreatic alpha cells detect this and secrete glucagon this promotes glucose production and releases it so blood glucose increases

Question 26

If there is an increase in blood glucose then

Answer 26

Pancreatic b cells detect this And secrete insulin. This promotes glucose uptake in response of cells and decreases blood glucose

Question 27

If the body temperature is too low

Answer 27

Then the hypothalamus detect low core temperature And causes vasoconstriction, piloerection and shivering

Question 28

If the body temperature is too high then

Answer 28

The hypothalamus detect high core temperature and causes vasodilation, sweating and thirst

Question 29

Positive feedback system in birth

Answer 29

Increased uterine excitability causes uterine contraction, The fetus presses on cervix, oxytocin is secreted which causes more contractions and eventually the baby is born

Question 30

Failure of homoeostasis

Answer 30

Autoimmune destruction of beta cells leads to insufficient insulin, which causes hypoglycaemia and failure of glucose reabsorption by the kidneys, which means glucose has passed in the urine and urine volume increases causing weight loss, hunger and thirst

Question 31

Most of our body fluid is

Answer 31

Intracellular | 66.7%

Question 32

How much of a body fluid is extracellular

Answer 32

33.3%

Question 33

How much of our body fluid is plasma

Answer 33

6.7%

Question 34

How much of a body fluid is interstitial

Answer 34

24.7%

Question 35

How much of a body fluid is transcellular

Answer 35

1.9%

Question 36

What is our total body fluid

Answer 36

42 litres

Question 37

What are the main solutes in the body

Answer 37

Sodium, potassium, calcium and chloride

Question 38

Amount of Ions in blood from highest to lowest

Answer 38

``` Sodium Chloride Bicarbonate Amino acids Potassium Calcium ```

Question 39

Cations

Answer 39

Positively charged

Question 40

Anions

Answer 40

Negatively charged

Question 41

Hypotonic

Answer 41

Cell swells as water moves in

Question 42

Hypertonic

Answer 42

Cell shrinks, water moves out

Question 43

Isotonic

Answer 43

No difference in cell (solutes and water move in and out at constant rate)

Question 44

Simple diffusion

Answer 44

Goes with gradient, no energy is required and is a passive process, No membrane protein is required

Question 45

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 45

Goes with gradient, no energy required however a membrane protein is required which is specific

Question 46

Active transport

Answer 46

Goes against gradient, energy is required and so is a membrane protein which are specific

Question 47

Intra and extra cellular PH are tightly regulated with extra at

Answer 47

7.4 ph

Question 48

What enzyme catalyses the reaction that makes carbonic acid (h2co3)

Answer 48

Carbonic anhydrase

Question 49

What forms the majority of cations inside the cell

Answer 49

Potassium

Question 50

What forms and majority of cat is outside the cell

Answer 50

Sodium

Question 51

Chemical force is based upon the difference in

Answer 51

Concentration across the membrane

Question 52

Excitable cells can produce or respond to

Answer 52

Electrical signals and can propagate action potentials

Question 53

Examples of excitable cells

Answer 53

Neurons, skeletal muscles, smooth muscles, cardiac myocytes

Question 54

Examples of non-excitable cells

Answer 54

Everything else except the excitable cells