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Behavioral Neuroscience > How Do We Hear, Taste & Smell? > Flashcards

How Do We Hear, Taste & Smell? Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

amplitude

A

measured as sound pressure
loudness

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2
Q

frequency

A

measured in Hertz (Hz)
pitch
most people detect 20-20,000 Hz

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3
Q

mechanical energy of sound waves

A

transduced into neuronal electrical activity- information that goes into the brain

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4
Q

outer ear

A

pinna
sound waves propagate down the ear canal to the tympanic membrane

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5
Q

pinna

A

funnels sound waves into ear canal
enhances certain frequencies- speech

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6
Q

eardrum

A

vibrates with a certain speed- pitch
how big the vibrations are- loudness

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7
Q

3 ossicles

A

malleus, incus, stapes

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8
Q

vibrations in tympanic membrane causes 3 ossicles to

A

move
amplifies pressure
malleus->incus->stapes

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9
Q

contact between ossicles is controlled by two muscles in order to

A

reduce the movement- is more stiff- protects from loud sounds
mute self-made sounds

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10
Q

inner ear

A

oval window
cochlea

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11
Q

oval window

A

stapes is in contact with
transfer vibrations to 3 fluid-filled canals in cochlea

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12
Q

cochlea

A

is small and coiled
basilar and tectorial membranes separate the canals
organ of corti

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13
Q

basilar membrane

A

between the tympanic and middle canals
vibrates- different areas sensitive to specific frequencies
high freq at narrow, stiff base
low freq at wide, floppy apex/tip

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14
Q

tectorial membrane

A

between vestibular and middle canals

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15
Q

organ of corti

A

sits between basilar and tectorial membranes
contains inner and outer hair cells

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16
Q

inner hair cells

A

detect sound

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17
Q

outer hair cells

A

help discriminate between similar frequencies
support cells

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18
Q

hair cells transduce sound waves into

A

electrical activity
has 50-200 stereocilia (hairs)- will move
relay electrical information to auditory nerve fibers

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19
Q

inner hair cell transduction

A

vibrations bend stereocilia
tip links open ion channels
Ca2+ flows in, K+ depolarize IHC (receptor potential)
release NT onto auditory nerve (mainly glutamate)
not neurons- because they do not generate action potentials

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20
Q

tonotopic map

A

frequency

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21
Q

tuning curves

A

auditory nerves have distinctive receptive fields- frequency that it is more sensitive to/favorite frequency

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22
Q

What does the frequency of sound waves determine?

A

B. Pitch

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23
Q

auditory pathway to brain #1

A

Hair cells release neurotransmitter onto vestibulocochlear nerve (8th)

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24
Q

auditory pathway to brain #2

A

8th nerve synapses onto cochlear nucleus in brain stem

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25
auditory pathway to brain #3
info travels to both superior olivary nuclei: mostly crosses midline
26
auditory pathway to brain #4
inferior colliculus (primary auditory centers of midbrain), then medical geniculate nucleus (thalamus), then auditory cortex inferior colliculus->thalamus->auditory cortex
27
Why might it be important that auditory information travel to both the same side and opposite side colliculi?
to be able to tell which side the information is coming from sound localization- bihearing information from both ears and both sides of the brain- brain figures out where sound is coming from
28
inferior colliculus
tonotopic map- critical for sound localization processes intensity, frequency and duration of sound
29
auditory cortex
identifies complex sounds that have many sub-parts (ex. vocalizations) tonotopic map
30
older people losing hearing
floppy basilar membrane becomes less floppy stiff base is less sensitive to low decibel high frequencies cannot hear higher pitches- need to be louder
31
conduction deafness
disorders of the outer/middle ear that prevent vibrations from reaching the cochlea
32
sensorineural deafness
originates from cochlear or auditory nerve lesions; hereditary disease of hair cells
33
central deafness
hearing loss caused by brain lesions (such as stroke), with complex results
34
cochlear implant
electrode is implanted into the cochlea detector turns into electrical signal
35
smell
olfaction humans can discriminate over 1 trillion odorants! any 2 people differ in their expression of different odor receptors by 30%
36
olfactory epithelium
inhalation brings odorants here olfactory receptor neurons (6 million) supporting cells basal cells
37
olfactory neurons regenerated from
basal cells- adult neurogenesis
38
olfactory neurons have
cilia extending from the dendritic knob into the olfactory mucosa unmyelinated axon to olfactory bulb metabotropic receptors on cilia and knob
39
each olfactory neuron expresses only ____ type of olfactory receptor
one each receptor belongs to 1 of 4 subfamilies
40
Given that humans can discriminate between 1 trillion odors, how many different types of odor receptors do you think we have? A. 4 B. 400 C. 40,000 D. 4 million
B. 400 can come in different combinations one smell is made of a bunch of odorants
41
olfactory receptor signaling
transduction
42
olfactory transduction
odorant binds metabotropic receptor G-protein activated adenylyl cyclase activated and makes cAMP (2nd messenger)
43
transduction continued
cAMP causes cation (Ca2+, Na+) channels to open voltage-gated Cl- channels open to further depolarize cell (receptor potential) action potential in axon
44
olfactory bulb
olfactory neuron mitral cells glomeruli
45
olfactory neurons axons synapse on
mitral cells in the olfactory bulb
46
the mitral cells are
clustered into glomeruli (spheres of cells) in the olfactory bulb
47
glomerulus receives input
from olfactory neurons with same receptor type separated function in olfactory bulb
48
functional localization of olfactory receptors in epithelium
piriform cortex
49
piriform cortex
olfactory representation goes directly into the cerebral cortex (no need to go through thalamus)
50
5 tastants
5 receptors (salty, sour, sweet, bitter, umami)
51
taste receptor cells
(50-150) are clustered into taste buds
52
taste buds are located
on sides of taste pores between papillae (bumps)
53
circumvallate papillate
located in the back
54
foliate papillae
located along the sides
55
fungiform papillae
located in the front of the tongue
56
taste cells
replaced every 10-14 days
57
transduction of taste
receptors on cilia are bound by tastants receptor activation produces receptor potentials receptor potential causes neurotransmitter release onto cranial nerves thalamus gustatory map in cortex
58
salty
Na+ ions flow through open ion channels in the taste cell membrane, causing depolarization
59
sour
we perceive acidic solutions as sour acid-sensitive K+ ion channels are blocked, preventing K+ leaving the cell and leading to depolarization
60
acid
high concentration of H+
61
sweet
sugars bind to T1R2 and T1R3 receptors, causing them to join (dimerize)
62
sweet activation
tastant binding to receptor-> activation of G-protein-> second messengers-> Ca2+ flow into cell -> receptor potential-> neurotransmitter release
63
umami
amino acid receptor (mostly activated by L-glutamate and monosodium glutamate) G-protein coupled metabotropic-like receptor; heterodimer of T1R1 and T1R3
64
umami activation
tastant binding to receptor-> activation of G-protein-> second messengers-> Ca2+ flow into cell-> receptor potential-> neurotransmitter release
65
bitter
T2R receptors: G-protein coupled metabotropic-like receptors 30 types, so can perceive many bitter flavors
66
bitter activation
tastant binding to receptor-> activation of G-protein-> second messengers-> Ca2+ flow into cell-> receptor potential-> neurotransmitter
67
Which is the part of the tongue that senses sweet?
everywhere

Behavioral Neuroscience (19 decks)

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