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Behavioral Neuroscience > Emotion > Flashcards

Emotion Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

what are hormones?

A

chemical signal that plays an important role like feeding, sexual reproduction, emotion

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2
Q

hormones

A

chemical signals
secreted by specialized cells (ex. glands)
travel widely (often bloodstream) to act on specific receptors

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3
Q

hormones effect

A

a large variety of human behaviors

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4
Q

hormone release

A

endocrine glands
exocrine glands

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5
Q

endocrine glands

A

release hormones within the body

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6
Q

exocrine glands

A

use ducts to secrete fluids/hormones such as sweat outside the body

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7
Q

nervous system

A

contains endocrine glands- hypothalamus and pituitary gland
many parts of brain that are the target of endocrine glands and the hormones they secrete

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8
Q

endocrine communication

A

a hormone is release into the bloodstream to act on target cells/organs

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9
Q

paracrine communication

A

a released chemical diffuses to nearby target cells; no synapse involved- different from synaptic transmission

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10
Q

autocrine communication

A

a released chemical acts on the receptor that released it- negative feedback loop

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11
Q

pheromone communication

A

hormones between individuals of the same species

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12
Q

general principles of hormone action

A

hormones are released widely- effects determined by where receptors located & each organ may respond differently
hormonal signals can be slow (seconds to hours)
hormonal effects can be gradual and last up to weeks
hormone levels cycle over day, month, lifetime…

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13
Q

hormones modulate behavior

A

don’t usually initiate/terminate behaviors
behavior can alter hormone release

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14
Q

similarities between hormones and neurotransmitters

A

both systems synthesize, store and release chemical signals
both use specific receptors, often with intracellular biochemical pathways
both systems can affect behavior

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15
Q

differences between hormones and neurotransmitters

A

NTs travel to precise destinations (because neurons are connected via synapses)
hormones spread throughout body, but only act on cells with correct receptor
neural messages are rapid, and hormonal messages are slower and can last longer

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16
Q

some chemicals can be BOTH

A

hormones and neurotransmitters
norepinephrine- arousal, cognitive function and can act as a stress hormone

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17
Q

neuroendocrine cells pathway

A

located in hypothalamus
are neurons that receive neurotransmitters from previous cells-> EPSP or IPSP-> action potential-> travels down axon-> release hormone directly into blood

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18
Q

neuroendocrine cell function

A

primary way nervous system can influence the endocrine system- what hormones and what responses

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19
Q

hormones bind to

A

metabotropic or nuclear receptors

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20
Q

peptide & amine hormones

A

specific metabotropic receptors
cAMP, IP3, DAG
gets released into blood and travels- seconds to minutes to take effect

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21
Q

steroid & neurosteroid hormones

A

nuclear receptors
bind transcription factor to increase gene expression of proteins and molecules
can take longer, hours to days

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22
Q

hypothalamus and pituitary gland pathway

A

hypothalamus: neuroendocrine cells secrete releasing hormones -> pituitary gland: secrete tropic hormones-> endocrine glands: secretes hormones targeting specific cells/organ

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23
Q

pituitary gland

Study These Flashcards
A

master gland
anterior pituitary
posterior pituitary

24
Q

posterior pituitary gland

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A

hypothalamus neurons release peptide hormones into bloodstream of the posterior pituitary gland-> peptide hormones spread throughout the body
oxytocin, vasopressin

25
oxytocin
social bond formation (parents/offspring, sexual partners) reproductive physiology, uterine contractions, and lactation
26
vasopressin
thirst/water regulation increases blood pressure and inhibits urine formation
27
anterior pituitary gland
hypothalamic neurons release "releasing hormones" into median eminence blood vessels-> called the hypophyseal portal system releasing hormones are carried to the anterior pituitary -> releases tropic hormones-> tropic hormones spread throughout the body
28
HPA axis
hypothalamus- pituitary gland- adrenal cortex
29
adrenal cortex secretes
steroids, including glucocorticoids
30
cortisol
a glucocorticoid hormone that prepares the body to deal with stress increases blood glucose promotes metabolism suppresses inflammation
31
negative feedback loops- regulation/inhibition
detect, evaluate and regulate hormone levels and biological effects hormone is steadily released, and once enough release the negative feedback signal gets sent multiple levels of hormone release, multiple levels of negative feedback
32
what do emotions do?
subjective mental state verbal & non-verbal communication help us deal with a wide variety of situations facilitate social contact and learning
33
subjective mental state
feelings involuntary physiological changes caused by autonomic NS
34
verbal communication
words, tone of voice
35
non-verbal communication
body language, facial expressions
36
universal facial expressions of emotion
facial expressions provide emphasis and context for verbal communication -> mostly for an audience- for communication with others
37
human emotions- biological and cultural influences
agreement about meaning of most facial expressions non-literate groups had trouble with disgust and surprise
38
range of human emotions
core set of emotions degrees of intensity
39
individual variability
emotional reactivity high reactive child low reactive child
40
emotional reactivity
measured in infants (heart rate, blood pressure, tears) 40% low, 20% high similar responses throughout life
41
high reactive child
shy, risk averse, exaggerated amygdala responses, greater risk for anxiety disorders
42
low reactive child
outgoing, fearless
43
what drives emotional responses?
physiology drives feelings feelings drive physiology cognitive analysis drives emotional responses
44
physiology drives feelings
botox- experience the world with less emotion cannot physically move their face as much- no longer experience intensity of the emotion
45
feelings drive physiology
thinking about something happy/sad can make you feel that way
46
cognitive analysis drives emotional responses
epinephrine studies body is reacting and we don't know why- analyze what is going on to see what is causing the feeling
47
circuit 1: medial forebrain bundle
electrical stimulation studies - brain self-stimulation (reinforcing or aversive) positive emotion elicited by stimulating medial forebrain bundle -> ventral tegmental area releases dopamine into nucleus accumbens -> drugs of abuse
48
circuit 2: limbic system
negative emotion elicited by stimulating limbic system amygdala Kluver-Bucy syndrome
49
amygdala
anxiety, stress, fear lesions to this brain region may eliminate these emotions
50
patient S.M.
developed fearlessness in childhood outgoing, but few good friends confronts risk low sympathetic NS responses
51
calcium deposits in patient S.M.'s amygdala
strong panicky fear in response to physiological challenge external threats detected by amygdala internal threats detected by brainstem
52
how does the amygdala detect external threats?
low road high road
53
high road
allows for higher level cognitive processing PFC allows for observational fear and learning- negative emotions sensory info-> thalamus-> routed to appropriate primary cortex-> hippocampus or amygdala-> learning of that experience
54
low road
allows for immediate responses
55
brain regions for other emotions
there are no other individual brain regions for other emotions like the amygdala for fear, more like a network of brain regions

Behavioral Neuroscience (19 decks)

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