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Behavioral Neuroscience > Motor > Flashcards

Motor Flashcards

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1
Q

circuits that drive movement

A

voluntary movement and reflexes

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2
Q

proprioception

A

knowing position and movement of body
muscle length
muscle tension/movement

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3
Q

True or false: Voluntary movements are made up of different
combinations/speeds of reflexes.

A

FALSE
reflexes are different processes than voluntary movement

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4
Q

spinal reflex

A

simple, varying and unlearned responses
don’t require brain inputs to the spinal cord

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5
Q

voluntary movement

A

require brain inputs to the spinal cord
motor plan, or motor program, is established before action occurs
ex. adjust. balance before reaching out to hold a door knob

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6
Q

voluntary motor systems

A

sensing the outside world guides action selection
ex. approach reward/reinforcer or withdraw from negative
central nervous system produces specific patterns of muscle contractions that lead to specific actions

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7
Q

systems involved in voluntary motor movement

A

primary motor cortex
non-primary motor cortex
cerebellum/basal ganglia
brainstem
spinal cord
skeletal muscle system

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8
Q

primary motor cortex

A

initiate main commands

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9
Q

non-primary motor cortex

A

additional motor commands

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10
Q

cerebellum/basal ganglia

A

modulate motor control systems

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11
Q

brainstem

A

integrates motor commands from higher brain regions

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12
Q

spinal cord

A

implements commands from brain
formed by axons of M1 neurons in primary motor cortex

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13
Q

skeletal muscle system

A

determine possible movements

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14
Q

Which brain region is responsible for initiating most motor
commands?
A. Brainstem
B. Primary motor cortex
C. Cerebellum
D. Basal ganglia

A

B. primary motor cortex

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15
Q

skeletal muscles

A

can be synergists or antagonists

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16
Q

synergists

A

contract together

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17
Q

antagonists

A

contract opposing each other

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18
Q

how to muscles contract?

A

alpha motoneuron sends an axon that branches
each axonal branch/terminal opposes a separate muscle fiber at a motor end plate- individual muscle fiber- can widely spread axon terminals- different muscle fibers

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19
Q

synapse of muscles

A

neuromuscular junctions

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20
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

alpha motoneuron releases acetylcholine (ACh) to the motor end plates from the axon terminal

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21
Q

ACh binds to ___ in the neuromuscular junction

A

nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) in the motor end plate to allow Na+ influx

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22
Q

Na+ influx from neuromuscular junction creates

A

EPP (end plate potential) which triggers muscle fiber contraction

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23
Q

What is an end plate potential most similar to?
A. Action potential
B. Postsynaptic potential

A

B. Postsynaptic potential

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24
Q

When you step on a
nail, why don’t you fall
down? How do you
balance while walking?

A

having reflex on one side bringing it back- other leg tightens and balances
cross extensor system

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25
cross extensor system
specific to spinal cord & legs info from one side switches to the other side not just used for reflexes- used when we walk
26
stimulus of stepping on a nail on the right side
stimulus goes up sensory into spinal cord- goes into right dorsal side- synapse on neuron-interneuron- shuttles info on right dorsal spinal cord to right ventral spinal cord- alpha motoneuron controls foot- crosses spinal cord- ventral left side motoneurons- give information to appropriately control their muscles
27
walking
central pattern generator
28
antagonistic muscles
right hamstring contracts, quadricep stretches left hamstring relaxes, quadricep contracts
29
What are the quadricep and hamstring examples of? A. Integrative muscles B. Antagonistic muscles C. Synergistic muscles
B. antagonistic muscles
30
pyramidal motor system
primary motor cortex nonprimary motor cortex
31
primary motor cortex M1
homunculus- somatosensory and M1 don't line up the same Betz cells (pyramidal neurons) form the homunculus
32
pyramidal system- voluntary movements
M1 pyramidal neurons form axon bundles crosses in the medulla descends caudally in spinal cord via corticospinal tract synapse onto ventral spinal cord alpha-motoneurons muscle fiber contracts
33
M1 simple movements
contraction of simple muscle "units" leads to simple movements
34
SMA/premotor cortices
SMA and premotor cortex control subsets of M1 neurons coordinated activity of muscle units to produce complex movements
35
SMA
planning movement that is internally generated, rehearse
36
premotor
directs movement based on external stimuli ex. gripping closer to the water bottle rather than farther away
37
mirror neurons in premotor cortex
neurons active when performing a task same neurons also active when watching someone else perform same/similar task understand/imitate another person's actions- maybe for learning? or for cooperation empathy? language? autism spectrum disorder?
38
motor deficits
paralysis spasticity neurological problems- where the problem is permanent or can be. partially healed
39
spasticity
motorneurons spinal cord primary cortex
40
primary cortex deficit
stroke in primary motor cortex- due to plasticity of motorneurons can be partially healed
41
spinal cord deficit
often persistent- lesion of spinal cord- message is not traveling down spinal cord
42
motorneuron deficit
often partial recovery lesions in motor cortex- due to plasticity can be healed over time
43
motor deficits
apraxia (non-primary motor cortex) ideomotor apraxia ideational apraxia
44
apraxia (non-primary motor cortex)
impairment in beginning/executing voluntary even though no muscle paralysis
45
ideomotor apraxia
the inability to carry out a simple motor activity in response to verbal command, even though this same activity is readily performed spontaneously cannot generate when they are asked to- cannot start the movement
46
ideational apraxia
the inability to carry out a sequence of actions, even though each element can be done correctly capable of each task in the sequence but cannot do them together
47
extrapyramidal motor systems connects
with motor cortices to form a closed loop cortex to EMS to cortex
48
extrapyramidal motor systems
basal gangli and cerebellum
49
EMS: basal ganglia
initiation of motor action (related to motivational systems and cognition)
50
EMS: cerebellum
coordination, precision, and accurate timing alcohol can inhibit the activity of the cerebellum: causing them to slur their words or stumble losing coordination
51
basal ganglia and primary motor cortex synchronicity
activity in the basal ganglia looks similar to the activity in the primary motor cortex
52
cerebellum and non-primary motor cortex synchronicity
cerebellum forms closed loop with non-primary motor cortex similar patterns of neuron activity
53
Which part of the central nervous system would you expect to be more active in a very talented piano player compared to a beginner piano player? A. Spinal cord B. Cerebellum C. Medulla D. Basal ganglia
B. cerebellum ability to move fingers in a precise accurate flow
54
basal ganglia / go/stop pathways
D1 and D2 are dopamine receptors
55
Two BG circuits
excitatory inhibitory
56
"excitatory" D1 receptors
GO/DIRECT pathway excitatory postsynaptic potential- fires an action potential
57
"inhibitory" D2 receptors
STOP/INDIRECT pathway inhibitory postsynaptic potential- neurons will not fire action potentials
58
dopamine turns on the
D1 GO pathways, which leads to reward-seeking & initiation of movement
59
dopamine turns off the
D2 STOP pathways, which leads to reward-seeking & initiation of movement
60
DIRECT/GO
cerebral cortex/primary motor cortex -> caudate -> globus pallidus internal-> thalamus
61
basal ganglia regions
globus pallidus internal/external caudate
62
GO PATHWAY
cerebral cortex -> sends info (glutamate) to caudate -> excitatory-> caudate is receiving info from substantia nigra-> dopamine is released from SN-> dopamine binds D1 receptor EPSP-> glutamate receptor EPSP-> D1 releases NT GABA into globus pallidus internal-> cells in GPe are inhibited and do not release action potentials-> cells in thalamus are excited because of lack of GABA release and release glutamate-> cerebral cortex-> permission to move has been granted-> M1 motoneurons send action potentials down axon
63
INDIRECT PATHWAY
cerebral cortex-> D2 receptors in caudate-> GPe-> subthalamic nucleus-> GP1-> thalamus-> cerebral cortex
64
STOP PATHWAY
glutamate from cerebral cortex to caudate-> SN releases dopamine to D2 receptors-> glutamate EPSP, dopamine IPSP, cancels each other out-> neuron that has D2 receptor does not fire action potential-> subthalamic does not release glutamate to GPi-> GPi does not release GABA-> thalamus fires glutamate-> cerebral cortex-> permission to move is granted
65
when dopamine is present
triggers movement both pathways turn on go and turn off stop
66
when dopamine is not present
blocks movement basal ganglia does not grant permission
67
Parkinson's Disease
resting tremor, impaired gait, difficulty initiating movements unknown etiology (partially genetic, partially environmental) loss of substantia nigra dopamine neurons pharmacological therapy involves dopamine replacement caudate does not receive dopamine- cannot permit movement
68
Huntington's Disease
chorea (writhing movements of limbs, head) genetic; caused by single allele: trinucleotide expansion in huntington gene (>40 repeats) longer repeat sequences, earlier onset permission granted excessively-> more difficult to do the movement that is wanted
69
If Parkinson's disease can be treated by enhancing dopamine transmission (via L-dopa replacement), what might be a good strategy for treating Huntington's disease? A. Enhancing dopamine transmission B. Reducing dopamine transmission C. Enhancing serotonin transmission D. Reducing serotonin transmission
B. Reducing dopamine transmission

Behavioral Neuroscience (19 decks)

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