Types of Cells

Question 1

roundworm (c. elegans)

Answer 1

302 neurons

Question 2

interneurons

Answer 2

neurons that process information between sensory & motor neurons

Question 3

neurons

Answer 3

transmit information

Question 4

glia

Answer 4

supporting cells

Question 5

synapses

Answer 5

neurons communicate with each other

Question 6

circuit

Answer 6

neurons organized in a precise order

Question 7

sea slug (aplysia californica)

Answer 7

18,000 neurons
gill and siphon withdrawal reflex

Question 8

rat (rattus norvegicus)

Answer 8

~50 million neurons
central nervous system (brain & spinal cord)
peripheral nervous system (sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric)

Question 9

parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 9

rest and digest

Question 10

sympathetic nervous system

Answer 10

fight or flight

Question 11

enteric nervous system

Answer 11

controlling gut- how colon moves food and absorbs nutrients

Question 12

human (homo sapiens)

Answer 12

~80 billion neurons
more neurons, more discrete brains regions, more complex circuits

Question 13

building blocks

Answer 13

neurons
building blocks of nervous system and the element of processing information

Question 14

connection of neurons

Answer 14

synapses to form circuits in all species

Question 15

shared aspects of nervous system

Answer 15

shared across all species (sensory neurons) and especially closely related species (brain and spinal cord in mammals)

Question 16

true or false?
in all animals, circuits formed by neurons drive behavior

Answer 16

TRUE

Question 17

camillo golgi

Answer 17

staining technique to visualize entire neuron
thought neurons were continuous like tubing (NOT TRUE)

Question 18

Santiago Ramon y Cajal

Answer 18

used Golgi’s method
thought neurons came close to each other but did not touch (TRUE)

Question 19

neuron doctrine

Answer 19

each neuron is an independent unit
information must be transmitted across gaps between neurons (synapses)

Question 20

soma

Answer 20

cell body
integration zone
collecting information from many dendrites and integrate them

Question 21

neurites

Answer 21

axons & dendrites

Question 22

dendrites

Answer 22

branches

Question 23

spines

Answer 23

mushroom-shaped protrusions from dendrites

Question 24

dendrites/spines

Answer 24

a neuron has many
dendrites/spines from one neuron receive chemical signals from other neurons

Question 25

input zone

Answer 25

where information/signals are received

Question 26

mitochondria

Answer 26

produce energy in the axon terminal-> takes a lot of energy to change signal from electrical to chemical

Question 27

cell nucleus

Answer 27

contains genetic material

Question 28

ribosomes

Answer 28

translates genetic instructions into proteins

Question 29

axon hillock

Answer 29

axon initial segment final location where integration occurs and the decision to generate an electrical communication signal is made most neurons have one axon hillock

Question 30

axon

Answer 30

conduction zone most neurons have one axon role #1: conduct electrical signal on the cell membrane role #2: transport material between soma and axon terminal

Question 31

anterograde

Answer 31

to axon terminal

Question 32

retrograde

Answer 32

from axon terminal

Question 33

axon terminal

Answer 33

output zone axon terminals from one neuron releases chemical signals onto many other neurons

Question 34

synaptic cleft

Answer 34

where the chemical signal was released

Question 35

pre-synaptic axon terminal

Answer 35

the beginning of the axon terminal before the synapse

Question 36

post-synaptic dendritic spine

Answer 36

part of a different neuron that is sent chemical signals by another neuron

Question 37

electrical

Answer 37

signal in neuron

Question 38

chemical

Answer 38

signal between neurons

Question 39

types of glial cells

Answer 39

astrocytes oligodendrocytes/Schwann cells microglial cells

Question 40

astrocytes

Answer 40

star-shaped cells monitor & support the metabolic & biochemical needs of neurons regulate synaptic signaling as part of the "tripartite synapse" help form the blood brain barrier by sitting between blood capillaries and neurons react to brain injury (repair & scarring)

Question 41

microglia

Answer 41

brain immune cell monitor local environment for threat or injury- monitor through branches migrate to injury site to remove debris/dead cells

Question 42

oligodendrocytes & Schwann cells

Answer 42

insulate axons by wrapping myelin around them- white matter- myelin sheath oligodendrocytes are in the central nervous system (brain & spinal cord) Schwann cells are in the peripheral nervous system protects the axon- less likely to be damaged

Question 43

nodes of ranvier

Answer 43

gaps in myelin sheath

Question 44

which of the following myelinate neurons in the central nervous system? a. schwann cells b. microglia c. oligodendrocytes d. astrocytes

Answer 44

c. oligodendrocytes

Question 45

summary of neurons

Answer 45

polarized dendrites, soma, axon, axon hillock, axon terminals synapses

Question 46

summary of glia

Answer 46

astrocytes myelinating cells (oligodendrocytes and schwann cells) microglia