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Fall 2024 > Human Anatomy CH 18 > Flashcards

Human Anatomy CH 18 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the circulatory system divided into?

A
  1. Cardiovascular system
  2. Lymphatic system
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2
Q

What does blood do?

A

It’s a transport mechanism for:
1. Nutrients
2. Signaling molecules
3. Respiratory gases
4. Waste products

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3
Q

What does the circulation of the blood function in?

A
  1. Oxygen and nutrients diffuse across capillary walls to body tissues
  2. Transports hormones from the endocrine glands
  3. Conveys cells of the immune system for defense
  4. Regulates body temperature
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4
Q

How much blood is in each gender?

A
  1. Males: 5-6 liters
  2. Females: 4-5 liters
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5
Q

What kind of tissue is blood considered?

A

Specialized connective tissue

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6
Q

What is blood made up of?

A
  1. Blood cells - formed elements
  2. Plasma - liquid portion of blood
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7
Q

What is the measure of % of RBC called and how what is the range in males and females?

A
  1. Hematocrit
  2. Males: 47% +/- 5%
  3. Females: 42% +/- 5%
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8
Q

What is the thin, gray layer present at the junction between the erythrocytes and plasma called? What portion is it and what is it composed of?

A

Buffy coat; portion of blood composed of leukocytes and platelets

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9
Q

Describe blood plasma and what is it made up of?

A
  1. Straw-colored, sticky fluid portion of blood
  2. 90% water, ions (Na+, Cl-), Nutrients (sugar, amino acids, lipids), Wastes (CO2, urea, and ammonia), and Proteins
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10
Q

What are the 3 main proteins in blood plasma and their functions?

A
  1. Albumin - prevents water from diffusing out of blood vessels
  2. Globulins - include antibodies and blood proteins that transport lipids, iron, and copper
  3. Fibrinogen - one of the molecules involved in chemical reactions for blood clotting
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11
Q

What type of formed elements (blood cells) are in blood?

A
  1. Erythrocytes
  2. Leukocytes
  3. Platelets
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12
Q

What type of dye is used in acidic dye and what color does it stain?

A

Eosin, stains blue

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13
Q

What are oxygen transporting cells called and how big are they?

A

Erythrocytes; 7.5 um in diameter

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14
Q

How many erythrocytes are in females and males?

A
  1. 4.3-5.2 million cells/cubic mm
  2. 5.2-5.8 million cells/cubic mm
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15
Q

How many organelles and nuclei do erythrocytes have?

A

0

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16
Q

What are erythrocytes ideal for?

A

Measuring the estimate size of nearby structures

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17
Q

What are erythrocytes packed with? How many molecules does the packed ‘substance’ have?

A

Oxygen-carrying hemoglobin; for each hemoglobin molecule, there’s 4 oxygen molecules

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18
Q

How many iron molecules does O2 have?

A

1

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19
Q

What gives blood its red color?

A

Oxidation of iron atoms within hemoglobin molecules

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20
Q

Where is O2 picked up and released?

A
  1. Picked up from lung capillaries
  2. Released across other tissue capillaries
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21
Q

What are 3 structural characteristics of blood that contribute to respiratory function?

A
  1. Biconcave shape which gives 30% more surface area
  2. 97% hemoglobin
  3. Lack mitochondria, which makes it so they do not consume O2 they pick up
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22
Q

How many WBCs are there?

A

4,800-11,000/cubic mm

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23
Q

What is the mnemonic for amount of each blood cell?

A

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

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24
Q

What is the 2 main functions of leukocytes?

A
  1. Protect/fight against infectious microorganisms in the body
  2. Act against foreign molecules (antigens)
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25
Where do leukocytes function? Where do they originate from?
1. Function outside the bloodstream in loose connective tissue 2. Originate from bone marrow
26
What is it called when circulating leukocytes leave the capillaries?
Diapedesis
27
What are the two types of leukocytes?
1. Granulocytes 2. Agranulocytes
28
What are the two granulocytes?
1. Neutrophils 2. Eosinophils
29
What kind of stains do granules pick up?
Basic and acidic stains
30
How many nucleus lobes does a neutrophil have?
2-6 lobes
31
What are the two main functions of neutrophils?
1. Phagocytize and destroy bacteria 2. Releases enzymes into extracellular matrix of infected tissue
32
What is a characteristic of a neutrophil?
Attracted to bacterial products and are the first line of defense in inflammatory response
33
What's the percentage of eosinophils that represents WBCs?
1-4%
34
What size/color are eosinophil granules? What do the granules do?
1. Large/stain red 2. Contain enzymes active during allergic reactions and parasitic infections
35
What are the two main functions of eosinophils?
1. Play a role in ending allergic reactions by phagocytizing allergens 2. Secrete enzymes that degrade histamines
36
What's the percentage of basophils that represents WBCs?
0.5%
37
How many nucleus lobes does a basophil have?
2
38
What blood cell functions similar to mast cells?
Basophils
39
What are the 2 main functions of a basophil?
1. Inflammation mediation 2. Directs/control later stages of inflammation in allergies and parasitic infections
40
What does the granules of a basophil secrete?
Histamines (reduces inflammation)
41
What percentage of WBCs do lymphocytes comprise?
20-45%
42
What color does the nucleus of a lymphocyte stain?
Dark purple
43
What are the two main classes of lymphocytes and how do they neutralize foreign microogranisms?
1. T Cells - Attack foreign cells directly (makes them destroy themselves) 2. B Cells - Multiply to become plasma cells and secrete antibodies (phagocytize them)
44
What percentage of WBCs do monocytes comprise?
4-8%
45
What are platelets and where do they come from? What is their function?
Cell fragments that break off from megakaryocytes and function in clotting of blood
46
What are the largest leukocytes?
Monocytes
47
What is the shape of monocytes' nucleus?
Kidney shaped
48
What do monocytes transform into?
Macrophages (phagocytic cells)
49
What is the process by which blood cells are formed into blood marrow called?
Hematopoiesis
50
How many blood cells are formed each day?
100 billion
51
Is bone marrow located within all bones?
Yes
52
What does red marrow contain? What is its function?
Contains immature erythrocytes and actively generates new blood cells
53
Where is red marrow located in adults?
1. Between trabeculae of spongy bone of axial skeleton 2. Girdles 3. In proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur
54
What type of bone marrow only makes blood cells during emergencies and is dormant otherwise?
Yellow marrow
55
Where is yellow marrow located?
Long bones of adults
56
What does yellow marrow contain?
Many fat cells
57
The tissue framework of bone marrow is made out of ________?
Reticular connective tissue
58
What kind of cells are fibroblasts covering and secreting the fiber network?
Reticular cells
59
Where do mature blood cells enter the blood stream through? Where are these 'areas' running through?
Endothelial cells of sinusoids; blood sinusoids run throughout the reticular tissue
60
What does reticular tissue of bone marrow contain?
Macrophages that extend pseudopods to capture antigens
61
Are mesenchymal stem cells part of the reticular network?
Yes
62
What can mesenchymal stem cells give rise to?
1. Fat cells 2. Osteoblasts 3. Chondrocytes 4. Fibroblasts 5. Muscle cells
63
What is the cell type that all blood cells originate from?
Hematopoietic blood stem cell
64
What progenitor cell types that lymphocytes and all other blood cells come from respectively?
Lymphoid stem cells and myeloid stem cells
65
What are committed blood cells called?
Proerythroblasts
66
What's the percentage of proerythroblasts that make up all erythrocytes?
1-2%
67
Proerythroblasts remain in the ______ stage for _____ days in circulation
Reticulocyte; 1-2
68
What are committed cells?
Cells that have transformed and have lost their ability to become all cell types
69
What is the committed cell type in each granulocyte line?
Myeloclasts
70
What is the disorder for abnormal excess of erythrocytes?
Polycythemia
71
What is the disorder when the erythrocyte or hemoglobin concentrations are low?
Anemia
72
What is an inherited condition that results from a defective hemoglobin molecule?
Sickle cell disease
73
What is a form of cancer that results from immature WBCs or granulocytes?
Leukemia
74
What is the disorder for abnormally low concentration of platelets?
Thrombocytopenia
75
When do the first blood cells develop?
With the earliest blood vessels
76
What do mesenchyme cells cluster into?
Blood islands
77
What are 'blood islands' made out of?
Mesenchyme cells
78
Late into month 2, what organs take over blood formation?
Liver and spleen
79
At month 7, what becomes the major hematopoietic organ?
Bone marrow
80
Which cells are agranulocytes and which cells are granulocytes?
Granulocytes: 1. Neutrophil 2. Eosinophil 3. Basophil Agranulocytes: 1. Erythrocyte 2. Monocyte 3. Lymphocyte

Fall 2024 (20 decks)

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