CHM 60 - Quiz 3 Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
What are Polysaccharides?
A
Long chain D-glucose molecules
2
Q
What are 3 traits of polysaccharides?
A
- can be found in animals/some plants
- some may be branched
- most contain alpha-glycosidic bonds, except cellulose
3
Q
What is D-glucose?
A
Most naturally occurring form of glucose
4
Q
What is amylose made out of?
A
plants, ~20% starch
5
Q
What is amylopectin made out of?
A
plants, 80% starch
6
Q
What is glycogen made out of?
A
animals; polymer of D-glucose that is stored in liver and muscles
7
Q
What is another name for cellulose?
A
Fiber plants
8
Q
What are 3 traits of amylose?
A
- 250-4000 D-glucoses
- Unbranched; coils into helix
- Alpha-glycosidic bonds
9
Q
What are 3 traits of amylopectin?
A
- Branched polysaccharides
- Similar length to amylose
- Alpha-glycosidic bonds
10
Q
What are 3 traits of glycogen?
A
- Hydrolyzed in cells to provide glucose (energy)
- Structure similar to amylopectin, but has more branches
- Alpha-glycosidic bonds
11
Q
What are 3 traits of cellulose?
A
- Unbranched; contains Beta-glycosidic bonds between glucose units
- Humans are unable to hydrolyze Beta-glycosidic bonds
- Not soluble in H2O; swells in H2O, but does not dissolve
12
Q
What does lipos mean?
A
Fat
13
Q
What are 2 characteristics of lipids?
A
- Not soluble in H2O or any aqueous solution
- Non-polar
14
Q
What are the 2 functions of lipids?
A
- Components of cellular membrane, component in fat soluble vitamins; steroid hormones
- Can be used as secondary source of energy
15
Q
What is the structure of a lipid with fatty acid like?
A
No rings
16
Q
What falls under the category of Lipids that contain fatty acids?
HINT: 3 types
A
- Fatty acids
- Waxes
3.Triacylglycerols (triglycerides)
17
Q
What is the structure of a lipid that do not contain fatty acids? What CAN it contain?
A
Contains a steroid core/nucleus and ring system
May contain S-ring structure
18
Q
What falls under the category of Lipids that do not contain fatty acids?
HINT: 2 types
A
- Cholesterol
- Bile salts
19
Q
What are fatty acids? What are they the end product of?
A
Components of lipids; end product of lipid digestion
20
Q
What functional group do fatty acids contain?
A
Carboxylic acid
21
Q
How many carbons are fatty acids in length? How many carbons do the biologically important ones have?
A
12-18 carbons
BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT: 16-18 carbons
22
Q
The notation for 18:0 means what?
A
Saturated fatty acid
23
Q
The notation for 16:1 means what?
A
Unsaturated fatty acid
24
Q
What does carboxylic acid look like?
A
O
Double-bond
C - OH
25
What is a physical property of a saturated fatty acid?
1. Stays solid at room temperature
2. Able to be packed tightly
26
What is also known as animal fat?
Stearic acid
27
What forces allow saturated fatty acids to stay solid at room temperature? This gives them the ability to?
Strong intermolecular forces between C-C TAILS
28
As a result of strong attraction between bonds, what 2 traits do saturated fatty acids have in comparison to unsaturated fatty acids?
Have higher melting point and boiling point than unsaturated fatty acids
29
What kind of fatty acids are not synthesized in the body? Where are they obtained from?
Essential Fatty Acids must be obtained from diet
30
What fatty acid stays solid at room temperature?
Stearic acid
31
What kind of bonds are naturally occurring?
Cis-double bonds
32
What do cis-double bonds create and where do they create them? What pattern does this create?
Kink or bend in fatty acid tail; "irregular" pattern
33
What are 2 saturated fatty acids?
1. Lauric acid
2. Stearic acid
34
What is also known as coconut oil?
Lauric acid
35
What is the melting point of lauric acid and stearic acid respectively?
1. Lauric acid - 44 C
2. Stearic acid - 69 C
36
What happens to the tails in cis-double bonds?
Unable to pack tightly due to weak intermolecular forces
37
What does NOT form any kinks or bends?
Trans Fats
38
Trans Fats resembles what? What are they able to do?
Saturated fatty acids; able to pack tightly
39
Are Trans Fats typically found in nature?
No
40
What are type of bonds are typically liquid at room temperature? Where are they found?
Unsaturated fatty acids; plant oils
41
Why are unsaturated bonds unable to pack?
Unable to pack due to cis double bonds
42
The more number of double bonds, the _______ the melting point
lower
43
What is the melting points for (respectively:
18:1 Monounsaturated
18:3 Polyunsaturated
18:1 Monounsaturated: 0 C
18:3 Polyunsaturated: -11 C
44
What are 4 uses for wax?
1. Car wax
2. Furniture wax
3. wax on produce
4. coatings on animal fur
45
Waxes are lipids derived from?
Long chain alcohol and long chain fatty acid
46
What is the structure of an ester?
O
double bond
C - O
47
What is the structure of a wax?
Esters of saturated fatty acids and long chain alcohol
48
In esterification, what molecule is created a byproduct?
Water (H2O)
49
Esterification is what kind of process?
"Combination"
50
What is the function of Triglycerides/Triacylglycerols?
Store energy in the body
51
What kind of animals rely on triacyclglycerols when they sleep?
Hibernating animals
52
acyl means?
ester
53
In what kind of tissue can triglycerides be found?
Adipose tissue
54
What are 2 things that triglycerides can do?
1. Can be hydrolyzed to produce fatty acids
2. Fatty acids can be used for energy
55
Triacylglycerol means?
3 esters of glycerol
56
What is the structure of glycerol NOT including the hydrogens?
3 carbons, 3 OH groups, trialcohol
57
1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids results in what?
Triacylglycerol + 3H2O
58
What is the "backbone" of a triacylglycerol?
CH2 - O
59
What process can "reverse" the esterification of triacylglycerol? What enzyme is typically used for this process?
Hydrolysis; lipase
60
What are the 2 classes of triacylglycerol?
1. Fats
2. Oils
61
Fats are mainly found in? What are their properties pertaining to room temperature?
Animals
Solid at room temperature
62
Oils are mainly found in? What are their properties pertaining to room temperature?
Plants
Liquid at room temperature
63
Fats contain ___________? Oils contain _____________?
Fats: High amount of saturated fatty acids
Oils: High amount of unsaturated fatty acids
64
What "oil" stays solid at room temperature? This is because?
Coconut oil
Contains almost entirely saturated fatty acids
65
What is the tail of a fatty acid like?
(CH2)n
66
What occurs to fatty acids in hydrogenation?
Double bonds on fatty acid tail are converted to single bonds
67
Commercially liquid vegetable oils are converted to solid fats such as margarine by which process?
Hydrogenation
68
Hydrogenation of the double bonds in unsaturated fats requires a catalyst. True or False?
True
69
Trans fats are a side product of what reaction?
Hydrogenation
70
Hydrogenation of the double bonds in saturated fats requires a catalyst. True or False?
False
71
HOW are trans fats formed?
During hydrogenation, some cis double bonds are converted into trans double bonds
72
Trans fats have a ________ impact on cholesterol levels
negative
73
What is the "opposite" reaction to esterification?
Hydrolysis
74
How many ester bonds are broken in hydrolysis?
3
75
What kind of reaction is Saponification?
Soap forming reaction; type of base hydrolysis
76
The tail of a triacylglycerol is the nonpolar end. True or False?
True
77
What are the products of Saponification? Which one acts as soap to remove grease?
Glycerol + 3 salts of fatty acids
Salts act as soap to remove grease
78
Polar = ?
Nonpolar = ?
What do each one interact with respectively?
Polar = Hydrophilic = Interacts with H2O
Nonpolar = Hydrophobic = Interacts with grease
79
What is another name for synthetic soap? It contains both _______ and _________ components in structure
Sodium Laurent sulfate; polar and nonpolar
80
The steroid nucleus uses what system? What are the 4 'labels' included in this system? What are their structures respectively?
4 ring system
A = cyclohexane
B = cyclohexane
C = cyclohexane
D = cyclopentane
81
What is a the most steroidal lipid called?
Cholesterol
82
Cholesterols are the most abundant steroid in the body. True or False?
True
83
What is cholesterol essential for?
Synthesis of vitamins and brain function
84
How is cholesterol obtained and what is it synthesized by?
Obtained in diet and synthesized in liver
85
A diet high in ______________ may lead to elevated cholesterol. If elevated, what does it cause?
saturated fats; causes atherosclerosis (artery blockage, which leads to plaque)
86
What is the normal cholesterol level?
<200 mg/dL (total cholesterol)
87
Lipids are not soluble in ____ which allows them to be transported by what system?
H2O; Lipid Transport System
88
What binds lipids and transports them in the body?
Lipoproteins
89
What is the ratio of lipoprotein density look like?
HDL
------
LDL
90
LDL means? What kind of cholesterol is it? What is its function?
HDL means? What kind of cholesterol is it? What is its function?
HDL (High density lipoprotein) - "Good" cholesterol
1. Transports excess cholesterol from cells back to liver
LDL (Low density lipoprotein) - "Bad" cholesterol
1. Transports cholesterol from liver to cells
91
What do trans fats contain? What do they do?
Contain "trans" double bond
Low HDL level, raise LDL level
92
How many methyl groups does cholesterol have? It has what chain? Where is the chain located?
2; alkyl chain located on D-ring (cyclopentane)
93
What are the 3 functions of bile salts?
1. Emulsify fats
2. Help to absorb cholesterol
3. Make lipids water soluble
94
Where are bile salts synthesized and stored?
Synthesized in liver, stored in gallbladder
95
Elevated cholesterol levels leads to formation of?
Gall stones
96
Polar component of bile salts contains?
Sodium salt
97
Nonpolar component of bile salts contains?
Amide and main structure
98
What are the 7 classes of proteins? What are their functions?
1. Structural - provides structure and integrity
2. Contractile - muscle contraction
3. Transport - movement of substances
4. Storage - storage of nutrients
5. Hormone - regulate biological systems
6. Enzymatic - act as enzymes to catalyze reactions
7. Protection - immune response
99
What are the 7 classes of proteins? What is an example of each one?
1. Structural - collagen
2. Contractile - actin and myosin
3. Transport - hemoglobin and lipoproteins
4. Storage - ferratin
5. Hormone - insulin
6. Enzymatic - lactase
7. Protection - immunoglobins
100
What is an unsaturated fatty acid?
Oleic
101
What lipid gives a single molecule of fatty acid when hydrolyzed?
Wax
102
What is a polyunsaturated fat?
Trilinolein
103
The tail of a triaglycerol is the nonpolar end. True or False?
True
104
What statement is NOT true about lipids?
All lipids contain fatty acids
105
What lipid does not contain a fatty acid?
Cholesterol; steroids
106
What are the products of acid catalyzed hydrolysis of fat?
Fatty acids and glycerol
107
In a lock-and-key model of enzyme action, enzyme active site is thought of as?
rigid, nonflexible shape that fits the substrate exactly
108
"Physiological pH" - pH for optimum activity for most enzymes is equal to?
7.4
109
Most enzymes are deactivated permanently above a temperature of about?
50 C
110
What is the first step in enzyme action?
Formation of an enzyme-substrate complex
111
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Amino acids
112
How many different amino acids are there? They all have the same structure except at?
20 different amino acids; except at R-group (side chain)
113
How many different R-groups are there?
20 different R groups
114
Where is the "side chain" typically located? Where is it NOT located?
Middle of chain; NOT a functional group
115
What 2 functional groups do amino acids have?
Amine and carboxylic acid
116
Amino acids undergo ionization to become?
Zwitterion (ionized group)
117
What 2 groups make up the structure of physiological pH? Which is negative and which is positive? What is the overall charge of the pH in our body?
1. Ammonium group - positive
2. Carboxylate ions - negative
3. Overall neutral, but has changes
118
What are the 3 classifications based on structure of R-group? What are their qualities and what do they contain in the R-group?
1. Nonpolar (hydrophobic) - H, alkyl, aromatic
2. Polar (hydrophile) - alcohol, amide, thiol
3. Acidic or Basic - based on charge in R group
119
What are the 4 levels of structures of proteins? Which ones must be present to have the protein be biologically active?
1. Primary
2. Secondary
3. Tertiary
4. Quaternary
All levels must be present to have biologically active protein
120
What is the primary structure? What are they connected to each other by? What are these bonds formed from?
1. Sequence of amino acids
2. Amino acids connected to each other by peptide bond
3. Amide formation
121
What is the “formula” for amide formation?
(HINT: There are 2 amino acids)
carboxylic acids + amine ———> amide + H2O
122
What are proteins also known as?
Polypeptides
123
What happens DURING formation of peptide/amide bond?
Negative oxygen from 1st amino acid is dropped and positive 2 hydrogens are dropped. They are then bonded together
124
What is the byproduct of a peptide/amide bond?
H2O
125
Which side of a peptide/amide bond is the N-terminus? Which one is the C-terminus?
N-Terminus is left most group, C-Terminus is right most group
126
Given Serine and Alanine, how would you name it? Why?
Serylalanine
1. N-Terminus amino acid has ending dropped and -yl added
2. Written together as one word
127
Given Serine and Alanine, how would you name it? Why?
Serylalanine
1. N-Terminus amino acid has ending dropped and -yl added
2. Written together as one word
128
What was the first protein to have its primary structure identified?
Insulin
129
What is the secondary structure?
3-D shape of polypeptide chain
130
What is the secondary structure?
3-D ape of polypeptide chain
131
What are the 3 types of secondary structure?
1. Alpha-helix
2. B-pleated sheet
3. Triple helix
132
What is an alpha-helix? What is it held together by?
1. Helical structure of polypeptide chain
2. Held together by hydrogen bonds
133
What is a B-pleated sheet? How are bonds formed and what is its appearance?
1. A polypeptide chain folds
2. H-bonds are formed side-by-side
3. Create a pleated appearance
134
What is a triple helix?
3 alpha-helices woven together
135
What is tertiary structure? What is this structure determined by?
Overall folding; cross-links
136
What are cross-links? What are the 5 types of cross-links and how are they formed?
Attractive forces
1. Hydrophilic interactions - Forms between outside H2O and polar amino acid
2. Hydrophobic interactions - Forms between 2 nonpolar amino acids
3. Salt Bridge - Ionic interaction between positive charged R group and negative charged R group
4. Hydrogen bonds
5. Disulfide bonds - Forms covalent bond
137
What do cross-links do that determines tertiary structure?
Link different parts of polypeptide chain causing it to fold
138
What is needed in disulfide bonds and how many? What functional group do these contain?
1. Requires 2 cysteine amino acids
2. Cysteines contain -SH (thiol)
139
What are Quaternary structures?
Only proteins that have more than one polypeptide chain
140
What is each polypeptide chain in quaternary structures called? What holds them together?
1. Subunits
2. Cross-links like in tertiary structure
141
Hemoglobin have 4 subunits. What type of subunits are these and how many respectively?
1. 2 alpha-helices
2. 2 B-pleated sheets
142
What is denaturation?
Loss of secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures
143
When a protein is denatured; it no longer is? What does it act as?
1. Protein is no longer biologically active
2. Acts as source of amino acids
144
What 4 things can cause denaturation?
1. Heat
2. Acids + Bases - Changes in pH
3. Heavy metals - React with proteins causing them to form solids
4. Organic compounds (alcohols)
