Human Anatomy CH 25 Flashcards
(165 cards)
1
Q
What are the 2 primary sex organs? What are the 2 accessory sex organs?
A
- Testes
- Ovaries
- Glands
- External Genitalia
2
Q
What is the scrotum made out of?
A
Skin and superficial fascia
3
Q
Why is the positioning of the scrotum important?
A
Positioning provides an environment 3 C cooler than body temperature
4
Q
What muscle is responsible for the wrinkling of the scrotal skin? What type of tissue is this layer made out of?
A
Dartos muscle; layer of smooth muscle
5
Q
What muscle elevates the testes? What is it composed of and what does it surround?
A
Cremaster muscle
Bands of skeletal muscles surrounding the testes
6
Q
What serous sac are the testes enclosed in?
A
Tunica vaginalis
7
Q
What is the fibrous capsule of the testes called? What does it divide the testes into?
A
Tunica albuginea
Divides testes into 250-300 lobules
8
Q
The lobules in the tunica albuginea contain _____?
HINT: How many and of what?
A
Lobules contain 1-4 coiled seminiferous tubules
9
Q
What is the comma-shaped structure on the posterior testes?
A
Epididymis
10
Q
Where do the testicular veins arise from? What does this structure function to do?
A
Pampiniform plexus
Keeps testes cool
11
Q
Which divisions of which system innervates the testes?
A
Parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of ANS
12
Q
The Seminiferous tubules are separated by what tissue?
A
Areolar connective tissue
13
Q
What 2 cells form the epithelium of the testes?
(Include their official names and their generic cell name)
A
- Spermatogenic cells - sperm-forming cells
- Columnar sustentocytes - support cells
14
Q
How much sperm is formed per day? What does sperm production begin? How long does the process take?
A
- 400 million sperm formed per day
- Begins at puberty
- Process takes 75 days
15
Q
What do sperm cells differentiate to during their production? Where do they move towards?
HINT: 5 types
A
Moves towards the lumen
1. Spermatogonia - stem cells
2. Primary spermatocytes
3. Secondary spermatocytes
4. Spermatids
5. Sperm
16
Q
What surrounds spermatogenic cells? They form what barrier?
A
Sustentocytes; Form the blood brain barrier
17
Q
Sustentocytes extend from _____ to the _______. They are _______ between cells.
A
Sustentocytes extend from basal lamina to the lumen. They are tight junctions between spermatogenic cells
18
Q
What do sustentocytes assist in? What 2 substances do they secrete?
A
Assist in sperm production
1. Testicular fluid
2. Androgen-binding protein
19
Q
What surrounds the seminiferous tubules and what is their function?
A
Myoid cells contract rhythmically
20
Q
What cells secrete testosterone? What is the secretion regulated by?
A
Interstitial endocrine cells; regulation by LH
21
Q
What organ’s duct is 6m long when uncoiled?
A
Epididymis
22
Q
What type of tissue makes up the epididymis?
A
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
23
Q
The epididymis bears tufts of _____. Which are?
A
Stereocilia
Immotile, long microvilli
24
Q
How long does it take for sperm to move through the epididymis?
A
20 days
25
What is the acrosomal reaction?
Sperm is given the ability to swim and to fertilize an egg
26
What organ stores and transports sperm?
Ductus Deferens
27
What 3 layers are present in the ductus deferens? What type of tissue is the innermost layer consisted of?
1. Epithelium - Pseudostratified columnar
2. Thick muscularis
3. Adventitia
28
What 3 structures does the spermatic cord consist of? The spermatic cord is the superior portion of ______. Where does it run through?
1. Ductus deferens
2. Testicular blood vessels
3. Nerves
Superior portion of ductus deferens and runs through inguinal canal
29
What are the 3 parts of the urethra? What is the function of the urethra?
1. Prostatic urethra
2. Intermediate part of urethra
3. Spongy urethra
Carries sperm from ejaculatory ducts to "outside"
30
What lies on the posterior surface of the urinary bladder?
Seminal glands
31
What and how much does the seminal glands secrete?
Secrete about 60% of the volume of semen
32
What does the fluid secreted by the seminal glands contain and what is their function?
(HINT: 5 things)
1. Fructose to nourish sperm
2. Substances to enhance sperm motility
3. Prostaglandins
4. Substances that suppress immune response against semen
5. Enzymes that clot and then liquefy semen
33
What encircles the prostatic urethra? What is it consisted of?
Prostate
Consists of 20-30 compound tubuloalveolar glands
34
What and how much does the prostate secrete?
Secretes 25-30% of seminal fluid
35
What does the fluid secreted by the prostate contain and what are their functions?
(HINT: 2 things)
1. Substances that enhance sperm motility
2. Enzymes that clot and then liquefy semen
36
What are the pea-sized glands inferior to the prostate gland called?
Bulbo-urethral glands
37
What does the bulbo-urethral glands produce? Where does it enter prior to?
Mucus enters spongy urethra prior to ejaculation
38
What does the mucus secreted by the bulbo-urethral glands do?
(HINT: 2 functions)
1. Neutralizes traces of acidic urine
2. Lubricates urethra
39
What are the 3 structures of the penis?
(HINT: Include the official name and unofficial name/description)
1. Shaft - Body
2. Glans penis - Distal expanded end
3. Prepuce - foreskin
40
The penis contains 3 __________. What are their names? How many of each?
erectile bodies
1 Corpus spongiosum
2 Corpora cavernosa
41
The corpus spongiosum surrounds? The corpora cavernosa contains what and makes up what?
Corpus spongiosum surrounds spongy urethra
Corpora cavernosa contains sinuses and makes up most of the penis
42
What male sexual response is parasympathetic controlled? Which one is sympathetic controlled?
Erection - Parasympathetic control
Ejaculation - Sympathetic control
43
The male perineum contains what 3 structures?
1. Scrotum
2. Root of penis
3. Anus
44
The diamond-shaped area that is the male perineum can be described as being located where?
(HINT: 3 descriptors)
1. Pubic symphysis anteriorly
2. Coccyx posteriorly
3. Ischial tuberosities laterally
45
What happens in Stage 1 of Spermatogenesis?
Spermatogonia divide by mitosis
46
What 2 types of cells are created? What are their functions?
Type A - maintain the germ cells
Type B - differentiate into primary spermatocytes
47
What happens in Stage 2 of Spermatogenesis?
Meiosis I and Meiosis II
48
What happens during Meiosis I and Meiosis II respectively?
Meiosis I - forms two secondary spermatocytes
Meiosis II - each spermatocyte forms two spermatids
49
What is another name for Stage 3 of Spermatogenesis?
Spermiogenesis
50
What 2 things happen during Stage 3?
1. 4 spermatids differentiate into spermatozoa
2. Spermatozoa shed superfluous cytoplasm
51
The seminiferous tubules are divided by sustenocytes into what 2 portions?
1. Basal compartment
2. Adluminal compartment
52
What barrier do sustenocytes create? What is the function of the barrier?
Blood testis barrier protects developing sperm from the immune system
53
What 2 "substances" is spermatogenesis controlled by?
1. Testosterone
2. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
54
What are the other 2 "substances" that spermatogenesis is controlled by? What is their function?
(HINT: There are secretions from sustenocytes, but the other 2 are not. Additionally, they're RELATED to the other 2 substances)
1. Androgen-binding protein concentrates testosterone near spermatogenic cells
2. Inhibin - inhibits FSH
55
What does the Female Reproductive System produce? What is it preparing to support?
Produces gametes (ova)
Preparing to support developing embryo
56
The Female Reproductive System undergoes changes according to the ________________
menstrual cycle
57
How many female reproductive organs does the menstrual cycle affect?
All of them
58
What 4 organs does the Female Reproductive System include?
1. Ovaries
2. Uterine tubes
3. Uterus
4. Vagina
59
What are the small, almond-shaped organs called? What do they produce?
Ovaries produce ova
60
The ovaries are held in place by _______ and _________. Name 3 of them
ligaments and mesenteries
1. Broad ligament
2. Suspensory ligament
3. Ovarian ligament
61
What are the ovaries innervated by?
Both divisions of the ANS
62
What is the fibrous capsule of the ovary called? What tissue is it covered in?
Tunica albuginea; simple columnar epithelium
63
What houses developing oocytes? What are the MULTICELLULAR sacs housing oocytes?
Ovarian cortex; Follicles
64
What part of the ovaries contains loose connective tissue? What does this tissue further contain?
Ovarian medulla
Contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves
65
What organ receives the ovulated oocyte?
Uterine Tube
66
What are the 3 parts of the uterine tube and where is each one located in relation to the uterine tube?
1. Infundibulum - distal end of uterine tube
2. Ampulla - middle third of uterine tube
3. Isthmus - medial third of uterine tube
67
What is the distinguishing factor of the Infundibulum? What about the Ampulla?
Infundibulum: Surrounded by fimbriae
Ampulla: Usual site of fertilization
68
What lies anterior to the rectum and posterior to the bladder?
Uterus
69
What word describes the usual position of the uterus?
Anteverted (anteflexed)
70
What are the 5 parts of the uterus?
(HINT: Describe them/their location)
1. Fundus - rounded superior portion
2. Cervix - "neck" of uterus
3. Cervical canal - communicates with vagina inferiorly
4. Internal os - opening connecting with uterine cavity
5. External os - inferior opening of cervix
71
What 3 structures supports the uterus and where are they located/function?
1. Mesometrium - anchors uterus to lateral pelvic wall
2. Cardinal ligaments - horizontal from cervix and vagina
3. Round ligaments - bind uterus to anterior pelvic wall
72
What 3 layers is the uterine wall composed of?
1. Perimetrium
2. Myometrium
3. Endometrium
73
The perimetrium is the ______ layer and is the __________
The perimetrium is the serous layer and is the peritoneum
74
What tissues make up the myometrium? What is the function of the myometrium?
Interlacing muscles of smooth muscles
Myometrium contracts during childbirth
75
The endometrium is the _______ of the uterine cavity
The endometrium is the mucosal lining of the uterine cavity
76
What layer does the embryo burrow into?
Endometrium
77
What 2 layers does the endometrium have?
1. Functional layer
2. Basal layer
78
What arteries send branches to the uterine wall? What arteries do they divide into?
Uterine arteries then divide into arcuate arteries
79
What arteries reach the endometrium? What 2 arteries do they branch into and their corresponding layers?
Radial arteries branch into:
1. Straight arteries - to basal layer
2. Spiral arteries - to functional layer
80
What do spiral arteries undergo during the menstrual cycle?
Degeneration and regeneration
81
What causes the monthly menstrual cycle?
Hormonal fluctuations in ovaries and uterus
82
What happens during the ovarian cycle?
Stimulates production of ovarian follicles and oocytes
83
What prepares the uterine wall for implantation?
Uterine Cycle
84
What are the 3 phases of the ovarian cycle?
1. Follicular phase
2. Ovulation
3. Luteal phase
85
What are stimulated to develop during the follicular phase? How many of them?
6-12 primordial follicles
86
What is growth during the follicular phase stimulated by and from what gland?
FSH from anterior pituitary gland
87
What is the glycoprotein coat surrounding oocyte called?
Zona pellucida
88
What is the internal layer of follicle that secretes hormones called?
Theca folliculi
89
What is an Antrum?
Fluid-filled cavity between granulosa cells
90
What 2 distinct features are in primary follicles?
1. Zona pellucida
2. Theca folliculi
91
What is a coat of granulosa cells surrounding oocyte called?
Corona radiata
92
When does an Antrum form?
Primordial ---> primary follicle
93
What follicle is ready to be ovulated?
Vesicular (Graafian) Follicle
94
What distinct feature is in a secondary follicle?
Corona radiata
95
When does ovulation occur?
Halfway through each ovarian cycle (day 14)
95
What is the path of a mature oocyte?
Exits from one ovary, enters peritoneal cavity, then is swept into uterine tube
96
What is the signal for ovulation?
Sudden increase in LH
97
When does the luteal phase occur?
After ovulation in last half of ovarian cycle
98
What does a remaining follicle become? What are the 2 functions of this remaining follicle?
Corpus luteum
1. Secretes progesterone
2. Acts to prepare for implantation of an embryo
99
If no implantation occurs to the corpus luteum, what happens to it and what does it become?
Corpus luteum dies and becomes corpus albicans
100
How long does oogenesis takes to complete?
Many years
101
What happens to primordial follicles in meiosis I?
Arrested (stalled) in meiosis I
102
What causes the primary oocyte to complete meiosis I?
Surge of LH
103
What does oogenesis produce and how many?
1 ovum and 3 polar bodies
104
Do polar bodies contribute to developing embryos?
No
105
Meiosis II is completed only if __________ occurs
sperm penetration
106
The uterine cycle is a series of cyclic phases of what layer of the uterus?
Endometrium
107
What do the endometrial phases coordinate with? What is it directed by?
Ovarian cycle; directed by FSH and LH
108
What are the 3 phases of the uterine cycle? On what days does each phase occur?
1. Menstrual phase - days 1-5
2. Proliferative phase - days 6-14
3. Secretory phase - days 15-28
109
Which phase of the uterine cycle is the stratum functionalis shed?
Menstrual phase
110
What 3 coats/layers does the vagina have? What type of tissue is each one consisted of?
1. Adventitia - fibrous connective tissue
2. Muscularis - smooth muscle
3. Mucosa - lamina propria and stratified squamous epithelium
111
What coat is marked by transverse folds?
Mucosa
112
What other 2 structures (and their descriptors) are part of the vagina?
1. Hymen - incomplete diaphragm
2. Fornix - recess formed at the superior part of the vagina
113
What overlies the pubic symphysis? What covers it after puberty?
Mons pubis; pubic hair
114
What encloses the labia minora? It is a homologue to what part of the male body?
Labia majora; scrotum
115
What is the vestibule?
Space between the labia minora that houses the opening to the urethra and vagina
116
What is anterior to the vestibule? What tissue is it? It is a homologue to what part of the male body?
Clitoris
Erectile tissue; homologous to penis
117
What are the borders/boundaries of the female perineum?
Anterior Boundary - pubic arch
Posterior Boundary - coccyx
Lateral Boundary - ischial tuberosities
118
What are breasts? What is its function and when does it start?
Modified sweat glands
Milk production - starts at or after childbirth
119
What type of structure is the breast? What is it like in nonpregnant women?
Glandular structure - undeveloped in nonpregnant women
120
What is it called when chromosomes of male and female gametes join?
Fertilization
121
What are the 4 events (in order) leading to fertilization?
1. Sperm binds to zona pellucida
2. Undergoes acrosomal reaction
3. Fusion of oocyte and sperm plasma membranes
4. Cortical reaction
122
What is the acrosomal reaction?
Release of enzymes to form a slit in the zona pellucida
123
What is the cortical reaction?
Enzymes prevent any other sperm from binding to the egg
124
_____ begins implantation. When does it happen?
Blastocyte; about 6 days after conception
125
What is a blastocyst consisted of?
Inner cell mass and outer trophoblast
126
What 2 layers make up a trophoblast? Which one is the inner and outer respectively?
1. Cytotrophoblast - inner layer
2. Synctiotrophoblast - outer layer
127
What tissues contribute to the placenta?
Embryonic and maternal tissues
128
Exchanges between maternal and fetal blood happen across?
Chorionic villi
129
What 3 functions does the exchange between the maternal and fetal blood do?
1. Provide fetus with nutrients and oxygen
2. Dispose of its wastes
3. Allow hormonal signals to be sent to the mother
130
By what week is the placenta fully formed?
Week 13
131
What is the placental barrier consisted of?
All 3 layers of chorionic villi
132
What diffuses from mother to fetus? What diffuses from fetus to mother?
Mother to Fetus: Sugars, fats, and oxygen
Fetus to Mother: Urea and carbon dioxide
133
What cell secretes substances that regulate events of pregnancy?
Syncytiotrophoblast
134
What positive thing can be transported across the placenta? What negative things cross the placental barrier?
Positive: Maternal antibodies
Negative: Viruses, alcohol, and heroin
135
When does parturition occur?
266 days after fertilization
136
What is Labor?
Events that expel the infant from the uterus
137
Testicular cancer affects how many males? How many cases are cured? What is the percentage it has increased from 1974 to 1990?
1. 1 in 50,000 males
2. 95% of cases
3. Increase of 50% from 1974 to 1990
138
When does testicular cancer occur?
Commonly from early-stage spermatogenic cells
139
What does prostate cancer arise from? What is the rate of growth?
Peripheral glands; slow-growing
140
What are the 2 main risk factors of prostate cancer?
1. Fatty diet
2. Genetic predisposition
141
What does ovarian cancer arise from?
Cells in germinal epithelium
142
What does endometrial cancer arise from?
Endometrium of the uterus
143
What does cervical cancer arise from? What is the rate of growth? What is it commonly caused by?
Epithelium at the tip of the cervix; slow-growing
Often caused by human papillomavirus (HPV)
144
What cancer is the second most common cause of cancer deaths in women?
Breast cancer
145
What percentage of breast cancer cases occur in women over 50?
97% of cases
146
What are the 4 treatments for breast cancer?
1. Surgical removal of the mass (lumpectomy)
2. Radiation therapy
3. Administration of selected hormones
4. Chemotherapy
147
Embryo at 5-6 weeks is _______
sexually indifferent
148
What ducts are the future male and female ducts respectively?
Future male ducts - mesonephric duct
Future female ducts - paramesonephric duct
149
At what week does sexual differentiation of male and female embryos begin respectively?
Male embryos - Week 7
Female embryos - Week 8
150
The mesonephric duct becomes what 3 structures in males?
1. Epididymis
2. Ductus deferens
3. Ejaculatory duct
151
The paramesonephric duct becomes what 3 structures in males?
1. Uterus
2. Uterine Tube
3. Superior part of vagina
152
What ducts degenerate in which genders?
Male - Paramesonephric ducts
Female - Mesonephric ducts
153
When is the period of life that is puberty?
Between ages 10 and 15
154
During puberty, what happens to the reproductive organs?
Grow into their adult size
155
Do the events of puberty occur in the same sequence in all individuals?
Yes
156
Does the age in which events of puberty occur vary widely?
Yes
157
What does the cortical portion of immature ovaries form?
Ovarian follicles
158
What is Menarche?
First menstruation
159
What is a female secondary sex characteristic?
Budding breasts (around age 11)
160
What are 4 estrogen-induced secondary sex characteristics?
1. Increase in subcutaneous fat
2. Widening and lengthening of bones of pelvic girdle
3. Appearance of axillary and pubic hair
4. Estrogen-induced growth spurt from age 12 to 17
161
What are 5 male secondary sex characteristics?
1. Enlargement of scrotum and testes (about age 13)
2. Appearance of pubic, axillary, and facial hair
3. Lengthening of vocal cords - deepening voice
4. Musculoskeletal system increases in mass
5. Sexual maturation - mature sperm in semen
162
When is the female reproductive peak? What happens at around age 35?
Late 20s
Rate of follicle degeneration increases
163
At what ages does ovulation and menstruation cease? What happens to the ovaries?
age 46-54
Ovaries stop secreting estrogen
164
What happens to the breasts and reproductive organs during menopause?
Reproductive organs and breasts begin to atrophy
