CHM 60 Exam 2

Question 1

What are the key electrolytes?

Answer 1

Na+, Cl-, K+, HCO3

Question 2

What affects the solubility of electrolytes?

Answer 2

1.pH
2. Temperature
3. Solvent
4. Hydration
5. Ions

Question 3

What kind of bonds does H2O have?

Answer 3

Polar covalent bonds

Question 4

What is Molarity

Answer 4

Unit of Concentration

Question 5

Formula of Molarity?

Answer 5

Moles Solute / Liters of Solution

Question 6

What do acids and bases produce?

Answer 6

Acids: H+ / H3O
Bases: OH+

Question 7

Name the characteristics of bases

Answer 7

1. High pH
2. Chalky, bitter, slippery, soapy
3. Are electrolytes

Question 8

Name the characteristics of organic compounds

Answer 8

1. Low melting/boiling points
2. Insoluble and less dense than water
3. Burn vigorously and can undergo combustion

Question 9

What bonds do organic compounds have? What are they made out of AND can contain?

Answer 9

1. Covalent Bonds
2. Nonmetals and can contain S, O, N, P + Halogens

Question 10

Name the Halogen Substituents

Answer 10

Cl, F, I, Br

Question 11

Name the properties of alkanes as the size of the carbon chain changes

Answer 11

1. Boiling and melting points increase w/ lengthening
2. Solubility decreases
3. Density increases
4. Short chains = more flammable
5. Viscosity increases

Question 12

How do you name ethers?

Answer 12

Oxy in between each INDIVIDUAL branch

Question 13

What are the physical properties of alcohol?

Answer 13

1. Can form bond with other substances
2. Higher melting and boiling points vs other hydrocarbons
3. Can dissolve by forming hydrogen bond with H2O

Question 14

What are the properties of alkenes and alkynes?

Answer 14

1. Insoluble in H2O (nonpolar)
2. Less dense than H2O
3. Can undergo combustion to produce H2O, CO2, and heat
4. Can undergo addition

Question 15

What are enantiomers?

Answer 15

Mirror image molecules

Question 16

What are the two carbohydrate cycles, their reactants, and their products? Additionally for the “second” part of the cycle; what is it described as?

Answer 16

Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy ——> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2 ——> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
(Oxidation of glucose in cells)

Question 17

What are Fischer Projections?

Answer 17

Represent Monosaccharides

Question 18

List features of Glucose

Answer 18

1. Most common hexose
2. Building block of disaccharides
3. Excess is converted to glycogen and stored in muscle and liver

*also known as blood sugar/dextrose

Question 19

What are the features of Fructose?

Answer 19

1. Aldohexane obtained from disaccharide lactose
2. Important for cellular membrane of brain and nervous system

Question 20

What are the features of Galactose?

Answer 20

1. Ketohexane
2. Sweetest of the carbohydrates
3. A hydrolysis product of sucrase

Question 21

Name the 3 monosaccharides

Answer 21

1. Glucose
2. Fructose
3. Galactose

Question 22

What are Haworth Structures?

Answer 22

Cyclopentose or cyclohexose

Question 23

What is Cyclization?

Answer 23

C5 carbon’s hydroxyl group (OH) reacts with carbonyl (aldehyde/ketone) to close ring

Question 24

What are the 3 disaccharides and what are the monosaccharides that make them up?

Answer 24

1. Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose
2. Lactose = Glucose + Galactose
3. Maltose = Glucose + Glucose

Question 25

Name the characteristics of sucrose

Answer 25

1. Table sugar 2. Derived from sugarcane and sugarbeet

Question 26

Name the characteristics of lactose

Answer 26

1. Found in milk products 2. Source of galactose in the body

Question 27

Name the characteristics of maltose

Answer 27

1. Derived from hydrolysis of starch 2. Used in brewing 3. Found in cereals and candy

Question 28

Name the characteristics of maltose

Answer 28

1. Derived from hydrolysis of starch 2. Used in brewing 3. Found in cereals and candy

Question 29

What is addition?

Answer 29

When triple and double bonds break, so that other things can be added