Human Anatomy CH 19 Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
What is the heart?
A
Muscular double pump
2
Q
What are the two functions of the heart? Be sure to describe their functions
A
- Pulmonary Circuit - Right side receives oxygen-poor blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs
- Systemic Circuit - Left side receives oxygenated blood from lungs and pumps throughout body
3
Q
What are the atria’s functions?
A
Receives blood from the pulmonary and systemic circuit
4
Q
What is the ventricles?
A
Pumping chambers of the heart
5
Q
What is the weight of a healthy heart?
A
250-350 grams
6
Q
Where is the heart located?
A
Between the lungs
7
Q
The heart is the largest organ of the ________
A
Mediastinum
8
Q
What lies to the left of the midline of the heart?
A
Apex
9
Q
What is the broad posterior surface of the heart?
A
Base
10
Q
Describe where the superior right area of the heart
A
At costal cartilage of third rib and sternum
11
Q
Describe where the inferior right area of the heart
A
At costal cartilage of sixth rib lateral to sternum
12
Q
Describe where the superior left area of the heart
A
At costal cartilage of second rib lateral to the sternum
13
Q
Describe where the inferior left area of the heart
A
Lies in the 5th intercostal space at the midclavicular line
14
Q
What are the two primary layers that the pericardium is divided into?
A
- Fibrous pericardium
- Serous pericardium
15
Q
What type of tissue is the fibrous pericardium made out of?
A
Strong layer of dense connective tissue
16
Q
What two layers form the SEROUS pericardium?
A
- Parietal layer of serous pericardium
- Visceral layer of serous pericardium
17
Q
What are the 3 layers of the heart wall and their qualities?
A
- Epicardium - Visceral layer of the serous pericardium
- Myocardium - Consists of cardiac muscle that is arranged in circular and spiral patterns
- Endocardium - Endothelium resting on a layer of connective tissue
18
Q
What are 3 external markings of the heart chambers?
A
- Coronary sulcus
- Anterior interventricular sulcus
- Posterior interventricular sulcus
19
Q
What forms the right border of the heart?
A
Right atrium
20
Q
Where does the right atrium receive oxygen-poor blood from (which vessels)? What circuit does it come from?
A
Systemic circuit
1. Superior vena cava
2. Inferior vena cava
3. Coronary sinus
21
Q
What are the ridges inside the anterior of right atrium called?
A
Pectinate muscles
22
Q
What landmark is used to locate veins entering the right atrium?
A
Crista Terminalis
23
Q
The fossa ovalis is a remnant of the _________
A
Foramen Ovale
24
Q
Where does the right ventricle receive blood from?
A
Right atrium through the right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve)
25
Where does the right ventricle pump blood into?
Pulmonary circuit through the pulmonary trunk
26
What are the 3 parts of the internal walls of the right and left ventricle?
1. Trabculae carnae
2. Papillary muscles
3. Chordae tendinae
27
Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located?
Opening of right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
28
What makes up the heart's posterior surface?
Left atrium
29
Where does the left atrium receive oxygen-rich blood from?
Pulmonary veins
30
The left atrium opens into the left ventricle through __________ (list all 3 names)
1. Left atrioventricular valve
2. Bicuspid valve
3. Mitral valve
31
What forms the apex of the heart?
Left ventricle
32
The right ventricle pumps blood through what circuit via what valve?
Systemic circuit via aortic semilunar valve
33
What is every valve composed of (include tissue type)?
Endocardium with connective tissue core
34
Where are the Atrioventricular (AV) valves located? What are their alternate names?
1. Right AV valve = Tricuspid valve
2. Left AV valve = Bicuspid valve
35
Where are the aortic and pulmonary valves located?
At junction of ventricles and great arteries
36
What surrounds all 4 valves? What kind of tissue is it composed of?
Cardiac skeleton; composed of dense connective tissue
37
What are the functions of the cardiac skeleton?
1. Anchors valve cusps
2. Prevents overdilation of valve openings
3. Main points of insertion for cardiac muscle
4. Blocks direct spread of electrical impulses
38
"Lub" is the sound of _______
AV valves closing
39
"Dub" is the sound of _______
Semilunar valves closing
40
Name the valve and what heart corner is best for hearing their valve sounds
1. Pulmonary valve - Superior left corner
2. Aortic valve - Superior right corner
3. Mitral (Bicuspid) valve - At the apex
4. Tricuspid valve - Inferior right corner
41
Describe ALL 10 steps of the pathway of blood through the heart (in order)
1. Oxygen-rich blood is delivered to the body tissues (systemic circuit). Oxygen-poor blood returns from the body tissues back to the heart
2. Coronary sinus, superior, and inferior vena cavae
3. Right atrium
4. Right ventricle
5. Pulmonary trunk
6. Oxygen-poor blood is carried in two pulmonary arteries to lungs (pulmonary circuit) to be oxygenated, then returns to the heart via four pulmonary veins
7. Four pulmonary veins
8. Left atrium
9. Left ventricle
10. Aorta
42
As a drop of blood passes through all structures sequentially, what happens to the atria and ventricles?
Atria contract together and ventricles contract together
43
How many beats per minute when the heart is resting?
70-80 beats per minute
44
What is the contraction of a heart chamber called?
Systole
45
What is the expansion of a heart chamber called?
Diastole
46
What does systole and diastole ALSO refer to?
Stage of heartbeat when ventricles contract and expand
47
Describe the walls of the atria and the ventricles
Atria - Thin walls
Ventricles - Thick walls
48
Describe the systemic circuit
It's longer than the pulmonary circuit and offers greater resistance to blood flow
49
The left ventricle is _____________ than right ventricle because it _________________
three times thicker than right ventricle because it exerts more pumping force
50
The left ventricle flattens the right ventricle into what shape?
Crescent shape
51
What does cardiac muscle tissue form? What differentiates this type of tissue?
Myocardium; striated, like skeletal muscle
52
How do contractions affect the cardiac muscle tissue? How does cardiac muscle tissue help blood flow?
Contracts via sliding filament mechanism. Contractions pump blood through the heart and into blood vessels
53
Describe cardiac muscle cells
Short, branching, have one or two nuclei, and do not have fused colonies
54
What are intercalated discs?
Complex junctions that form cellular networks
55
What are cardiac muscle cells separated by?
Endomysium
56
What do cardiac muscle cells join together to form? What do they contain?
Binded together to form cardiac fibers that contain blood vessels and nerves
57
How are cellular networks of intercalated discs formed?
Adjacent sarcolemmas interlock
58
What are the 3 types of cell junctions
1. Desmosomes
2. Fasciae adherens - long desmosome-like junctions
3. Gap junctions
59
How are cardiac muscle cells triggered to contract? Name all "3" steps. What does it trigger?
Triggers sliding filament mechanism
1. Ca2+ enters the sarcoplasm
1a. Signals sarcoplasmic reticulum to release Ca2+ ions
1b. Ions diffuse into sarcomeres
60
All cardiac cells are innervated. True or False?
False
61
What is rhythmicity (rhythmic heartbeat basis)?
Contractions in a rhythmic manner without innervation
62
What abilities do cardiac muscle tissue have?
1. Generate and conduct impulses
2. Signals cells to contract rhythmically
63
What is the 'conducting system'?
Series of specialized cardiac muscle cells
64
What sets the inherent rate(heart rate) for contraction?
Sinoatrial (SA) Node
65
List the 5 steps of the conducting system. Remember to include WHERE they occur
1. SA Node - Impulse generated - Right atrium
2. AV Node - Impulse pauses - Bottom of right atrium
3. AV Bundle connects atria and ventricles - Between atria and ventricles
4. Bundle branches conducts impulses - Interventricular septum
5. Subendocardial conducting network (Purkinje fibers) - Inner walls of the ventricles
66
What can alter the heart rate?
Visceral sensory fibers
Parasympathetic fibers
67
Where do the visceral sensory and parasympathetic fibers pass through?
Cardiac Plexus
68
Where do parasympathetic fibers branch from? What is their function?
Branches from: Vagus nerve
Function: Decreased heart rate
69
Where are the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves restricted to?
SA Node, AV Node, and Coronary Arteries
70
What does the sympathetic nerve innervate that the parasympathetic DOES NOT?
Cardiac musculature throughout the heart
71
Where does the sympathetic nerves travel to? What is their function?
Travel to heart from cervical and upper thoracic chain ganglia
Function: Increases heart rate and strength of contraction
72
What is the autonomic input controlled by?
Cardiac centers in reticular formation of medulla
73
What are the two autonomic input centers? What do they influence?
1. Cardioinhibitory center - Influences parasympathetic neurons
2. Cardioacceleratory center - Influences sympathetic neurons
74
What do the coronary arteries supply blood to? List the 2 coronary arteries
Muscular walls and tissues of the heart
1. Right coronary artery
2. Left coronary artery
75
Where do the coronary arteries arise from?
Base of the aorta and run in the coronary sulcus
76
What does the left coronary artery (LCA) branch into?
Anterior interventricular artery and circumflex artery
77
What is the clinical name for the anterior interventricular artery?
Left anterior descending artery (LAD)
78
What descends in coronary sulcus?
Right coronary artery (RCA)
79
The right coronary artery branches to form __________ and ____________
Marginal artery & Posterior interventricular artery
80
What is the clinical name for the posterior interventricular artery?
Posterior descending artery (PDA)
81
What do the cardiac veins do?
Carry deoxygenated blood from the heart wall to the right atrium
82
Where do the cardiac veins occupy?
Sulci on the heart surface
83
What runs in the posterior part of the coronary sulcus? What is its function?
Coronary Sinus
Function: Returns majority of venous blood from the heart to the right atrium
84
What are the 3 tributaries of the coronary sinus?
1. Great cardiac vein
2. Middle cardiac vein
3. Small cardiac vein
85
Name 4 coronary artery diseases and their defining feature
1. Atherosclerosis - Fatty deposits
2. Angina pectoris - Chest pain
3. Myocardial infarction (heart attack) - Blocked coronary artery
4. No pain or warning
86
What causes heart failure?
The heart progressively weakens, which results in the body's demands for oxygenated blood not being met
87
What disorder happens when the heart enlarges, resulting in a decline in pumping efficiency?
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
88
What causes Pulmonary arterial hypertension?
Enlargement and potential failure of right ventricle
89
What is Arrythmias?
Variation from normal heart rhythm
90
What does ventricular fibrillation result from? What causes it and what is it a common cause of?
1. A crippled conducting system
2. Rapid, random firing of electrical impulses in the ventricles
3. Common cause of cardiac arrest
91
What happens to the heart on about day 20-21?
Heart folds into thorax region
92
What day does the heart start pumping?
22
93
Are the earliest heart chambers unpaired or paired?
Unpaired
94
List the heart chambers within embryonic development from "head to tail"
Bulbus cordis, Ventricle, Atrium, Sinus Venosus
95
What does the Sinus-Venous become?
Smooth-walled part of right atrium, coronary sinus, and SA node
96
What does the Atrium become?
Ridged parts of right and left atria
97
What does the Ventricle become? What is this chamber known for?
Left ventricle; strongest pumping chamber
98
What does the Bulbus Cordis become?
Right ventricle
With the truncus arteriosus gives rise to the pulmonary trunk and first part of the aorta
99
What month is common for development of congenital heart defects?
Month 2
100
What is the most common congenital heart defect?
Ventricular septal defect
101
What are the 2 basic categories of defect?
1. Inadequately oxygenated blood reaches body tissues
2. Ventricles labor under increased workload
102
What can exercise help do for the heart?
1. Increases strength of the heart
2. Help clears fatty deposits in coronary arteries
103
As humans age, what changes happen to the heart?
1. Hardening and thickening of heart valve cusps
2. Decline in cardiac reserves
3. Fibrosis of cardiac muscle
