Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Fall 2024 > Microbiology CH 9 > Flashcards

Microbiology CH 9 Flashcards

(76 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the 4 ways to control microbes and are they physical or chemical processes?

A
  1. Sterilization - Both
    2.Decontamination/Sanitization - Chemical
  2. Disinfection - Physical
  3. Antisepsis/Degermation - Physical
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define Sterilization

A

Elimination of all life (protists, bacteria, viruses, dormant/vegetative cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the most broad strategy for “Control” called?

A

Sterilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What ‘Control’ is a chemical process than ONLY kills cells and can be harmful to tissue like skin?

A

Disinfection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define Disinfection

A

Destruction of vegetative/active organisms on a surface that does NOT remove the cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define Decontamination

A

Removal of vegetative cells and other potentially hazardous materials from a non-biological surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the process of removing vegetative cells from a potentially hazardous surface?

A

Decontamination/Sanitization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define Antisepsis/Degermation

A

Removal of vegetative cells on BIOLOGICAL surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the process of removing vegetative cells on biological surfaces?

A

Antisepsis/Degermation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the word for killing microbes?

A

Bactericidal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the word for stopping microbes without killing them?

A

Bacteriostatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What dehydrates a cell and causes it to shrivel and completely die off due to losing moisture?

A

Dry Heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define Incineration

A

Cells completely oxidize and turn to ash due to enough dry heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What materials are better controlled with moist heat?

A

Liquids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What materials are better controlled with dry heat?

A

Powders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does moist heat cause proteins to do?

A

Denature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does denaturing do?

A

Causes proteins to lose its 3D shape. The active site changes its stucture and loses ability to function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 3 Moist Heat Methods?

A
  1. Boiling<br></br>2. Pasteurization<br></br>3. Autoclaving
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a method for disinfection of water or of surfaces that can tolerate being submerged in water?

A

Boiling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How long and at what temperature kills most vegetative cells?

A

30 minutes at 100C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Define boiling

A

Method of disinfection for water or surfaces that can tolerate being submerged in water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Define Pasteurization

A

Use of less-than-boiling heat to partially disinfect liquids that would be damaged by boiling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does Pasteurization do?

A

Kills spoilage organisms and pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the word for using less-than-boiling heat to partially disinfect liquids that would be damaged by boiling?

A

Pasteurization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Define Autoclaving
Use of high pressure to raise the steam point of water, allowing steam to exist at 121C and kill more (ideally ALL) things, including endospores
26
What is using high pressure to raise steam to the point of water in order to kill more things called?
Autoclaving
27
What is it called with flames are used to expose organisms to temperatures so high they completely oxidize and turn to ash?
Incineration
28
What temperatures kills vegetative cells and spores respectively?
80C and 120C
29
What can cold temperature control be defined as?
Microbiostatic
30
Define lyophilization
Process of 'freeze-drying' cells to keep them alive long-term
31
What is the process of freeze-drying cells to keep them alive long-term called?
Lyophilization
32
Define Radiation
Use of electromagnetic waves to damage cellular components
33
What is the word for usage of electromagnetic waves to damage cellular components?
Radiation
34
What does ionizing radiation do?
Creates charged particles in the cell, damaging it all over the place
35
What does non-ionizing radiation do?
Creates mutations in DNA
36
What forms when two thymine bases are next to each other?
Thymine Dimers (covalent bond)
37
What leads to errors in DNA replication?
Thymine Dimers
38
What do Thymine Dimers cause?
Errors in DNA replication
39
What do chemical methods of control target?
Specific structures or compounds within the cell
40
What may need to be controlled using different chemicals so that chemical methods are effective?
Specific surfaces or environments
41
Where on the periodic table are Halogens found?
Group 17
42
What are the two major halogens used as part of chemical control?
Chlorine and Iodine
43
What reacts with water to create Hypochlorous Acid (HOCl)?
Bleach
44
What does bleach do?
Denatures enzymes and disrupts cellular function
45
What does iodine do?
Disrupts metabolic enzymes and can denature proteins
46
What do halogens target?
All living cells including endospores with long exposure
47
What are oxidizing agents?
Chemical compounds that are highly electronegative and are able to steal electrons from other compounds
48
What can form free radicals (OH-) which can react with many compounds in the cell, including DNA?
Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)
49
What does Hydrogen Peroxide target?
Endospores or living cells that are not catalase-positive
50
Low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide can...?
Kill obligately anaerobic bacteria in patients with topical application
51
High concentrations of Hydrogen Peroxide can...?
Be used to sterilize delicate instruments that cannot be sterilized with heat
52
What are phenolic compounds?
Aromatic compounds usually containing at least a hydroxyl group
53
What is Phenol?
Benzene ring with a hydroxyl on it
54
What two phenolic compounds have been used extensively in antibacterial soaps?
Triclosan and Triclocarban
55
What do Triclosan and Triclocarbon do?
Disrupt cell walls, cell membranes, and proteins
56
What phenolic compounds have been implicated as potentially toxic to humans and potentially damaging to the human microbiome?
Triclosan and Triclocarban
57
What do phenolic compounds target?
Some bacteria, fungi, and viruses
58
What are Alcohols?
Short carbon molecules containing a hydroxyl (OH) functional group
59
What ingredients are known as rubbing alcohol?
Ethanol and Isopropanol
60
What happens at high concentrations (>50%) with alcohols?
Cell membranes dissolve, cell surface tension is dissolved, and cell structures are compromised
61
What is the downside of alcohols?
Alchohols evaporate quickly, meaning anything that can survive short-term will probably survive
62
What do alcohols target?
Most bacteria, fungi, and viruses
63
What are heavy metals?
Compounds containing metals such as mercury and silver
64
What heavy metal can be used in topical germicidal creams?
Silver Nitrate (AgNO3)
65
What do heavy metal antiseptics do?
React with specific functional groups in proteins to disrupt their functions
66
What is the risk of using heavy metals (specifically Silver Nitrate)?
It may react with functional groups in proteins and disrupt their functions within healthy tissues
67
What do heavy metals target?
Some bacteria, fungi, viruses
68
What are detergents?
Usually amphipathetic molecules that react with surface of the cell, but also hydrophobic regions of cell membrane
69
What is the active ingredient used in Formula 409?
Quarternary Ammonium
70
What kind of ion is Quarternary Ammonium and what does it do?
Positively-charged ion that disrupts cell membranes
71
What detergent is regularly used in soaps and shampoos?
Sodium lauryl sulfate
72
What charge is sodium lauryl sulfate?
Negatively-charged ionic compound
73
What is a surfactant?
A substance that disrupts membrane surface tension
74
What does detergent target?
Certain bacteria, enveloped viruses, and fungi
75
Myobacterium are _______ from detergents
Innately protected
76
What can kill endospores?
Silver Nitrate, High Concentration of Hydrogen Peroxide, Autoclaving, and Iodine 
*Note: Probably another too that I forgot about but these are the confusing ones

Fall 2024 (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions