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Human Body Flashcards

(88 cards)

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1
Q

What is involved in every process that occurs in the body?

A

Nutrients

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2
Q

What is the group of chemical reactions occurring in cells that maintain life?

A

Metabolism

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3
Q

What are reactions that serve to build larger molecules from smaller molecules?

A

Anabolic

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4
Q

Does anabolic require energy or release energy?

A

It requires energy

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5
Q

What are reactions that serve to break down larger molecules into smaller molecules?

A

Catabolic

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6
Q

Does catabolic require energy or release energy?

A

It releases energy

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7
Q

What allows the immune system and it’s major cells to move?

A

The Lymphatic System

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8
Q

What are the 3 major parts of the Lymphatic System?

A

The lymph, lymph vessels and nodes

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9
Q

What is one of the first things to be shut down in cases of nutrient insufficiency?

A

The Immune System

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10
Q

What provides a defense against pathogens?

A

The Immune System

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11
Q

What are the 6 major parts of the Immune System?

A

White blood cells, liver, spleen, thymus, bone marrow, lymphatics

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12
Q

What can be greatly influenced by nutritional status?

A

The Immune System

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13
Q

What are the 3 major parts of the Endocrine System?

A

The glands, pancreas, hypothalamus in the brain

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14
Q

What produces insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar?

A

The Endocrine

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15
Q

What produces digestive enzymes?

A

The Exocrine

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16
Q

What does the Endocrine System do?

A

It regulates metabolism, growth, reproduction and many other systems

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17
Q

The Endocrine System regulates metabolism, growth, reproduction and many other systems using what?

A

Hormonal Control

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18
Q

What are the 5 major parts of the Digestive System?

A

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

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19
Q

What are the 3 primary functions of the Digestive System?

A
  1. Physical and chemical processes of digestion
  2. Absorption of nutrients
  3. Elimination of solid waste
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20
Q

What does the Digestive System start with?

A

Chewing

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21
Q

What is the mechanical breakdown of large food pieces?

A

Chewing

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22
Q

What breaks down starches in the Digestive System?

A

Salivary amylase

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23
Q

What breaks down fats in the Digestive System?

A

Lingual lipase

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24
Q

What are the 5 taste receptor types?

A

Bitter, salty, sweet, sour and umami (savory)

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25
What is the valve to our lungs called?
The Epiglottis
26
What uses muscular contractions to transport food to the stomach?
The Esophagus
27
What are large molecules that makes chemical reactions occur at a fast rate?
Enzymes
28
What is the starting material that the enzyme binds to called?
The Substrate
29
What is the ending material that the enzyme makes and releases called?
The Product
30
What does an Enzyme name always end in?
Ase
31
What is the name of the enzyme for sucrose?
Sucrase
32
What holds food until it's ready to enter the small intestine?
The Stomach
33
What does chief cell release?
Pepsin
34
What do parietal cells secrete?
Hydrochloric Acid (HIC)
35
What do neck cells produce?
Mucus
36
What 2 things aid in the protection of the stomach?
Hydrochloric Acid and Mucus
37
What does the stomach produce?
Chyme
38
What is a watery mixture containing eaten food, digestive enzymes, HCl and mucus?
Chyme
39
What is the muscle between the stomach and the small intestine called?
Pyloric Sphincter
40
List the three segments of the Small Intestine
1. Duodenum 2. Jejunum 3. Ileum
41
Where does chemical digestion occur in the small intestine?
In the duodenum
42
Where does nutrient absorption occur in the small intestine?
In the jejunum and the ileum
43
# Fill in the Blank: The duodenum receives chyme from the stomach that is very ______
Acedic
44
What organ secretes substances into the duodenum?
The Pancreas
45
What byproduct neutralizes acid in the pancreas?
Bicarbonate
46
What organ produces bile?
The liver
47
What organ secretes bile into the duodenum?
The Gallbladder
48
What propels the digested food through the small intestine tract?
Peristalsis
49
After the food makes its way through the small intestine where does it go?
The Large Intestine
50
When the digested food makes it to the large intestine is the majority of digestion and absorption already done?
Yes
51
What is absorbed in the large intestine?
Water, sodium, and potassium
52
What houses trillions of bacteria and other microbes?
The colon
53
List the 3 reasons why the gut microbiota is a vital component to our health
1. It produces vitamins 2. It helps digest our food 3. It wards off pathogens
54
What is a probiotic?
It's bacteria
55
What are beneficial living microorganisms often ingested as a supplement?
Probiotics
56
What are polysaccharides that are indigested by human enzymes that are consumed by bacteria?
Prebiotics
57
What is the combination of probiotics and prebiotics called?
Symbiotics
58
What is the final portion of the large intestine and houses the feces until defecation?
The rectum
59
What are the 2 sphincters that the anus has?
1. Internal anal sphincter | 2. External anal sphincter
60
Do we have control of the internal anal sphincter, external anal sphincter, both, or none?
We have control of the external anal sphincter
61
Do we not have control of the internal anal sphincter, external anal sphincter, both, or none?
We don't have control of the internal anal sphincter
62
What 4 things is our feces composed of?
Undigested food, intestinal cells, bacteria, and water
63
What percentage of the liver can be regenerated?
66%
64
What organ converts fatty acids?
The liver
65
What allows for the digestion of fat?
Bile
66
What does the liver store to help regulate blood sugar?
Glycogen
67
What 5 things does the liver produce?
Glycogen, sugar, fat, bile, and non-essential amino acids
68
What does the liver produce sugar out of?
Amino Acids
69
What does the liver produce fat from?
Excess sugar
70
What organ stores and concentrates bile?
The gallbladder
71
When does the gallbladder release bile?
When fat enters the duodenum
72
What is the erosion of stomach lining due to acid?
Gastric Ulcers
73
What causes gastric ulcers?
Helicobacter Pylori Infection
74
What causes the helicobacter pylori infection?
Low stomach acid and stress
75
What can you take to treat gastric ulcers?
You can take antacids and antibiotics
76
What is gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
Chronic heartburn
77
What 3 things cause gastroesophageal reflux disease?
Increased abdominal pressure pushing stomach acid into esophagus, low stomach acid, small intestine bacteria overgrowth (SIBO)
78
What can you do to treat small intestine bacteria overgrowth (SIBO)?
Reducing sugar intake
79
What is recommended that you take to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease?
Antacids
80
Does taking antacids help gastroesophageal reflux disease?
No, it makes it worse
81
What is difficult or infrequent bowel defecations called?
Constipation
82
What causes constipation?
Low water in stool, slow intestinal transit, and intestinal inflammation
83
What 5 things can you do to treat constipation?
1. Increase the soluble fiber in your diet 2. Take probiotic supplements 3. Eating fermented foods 4. Do an elimination diet 5. Take laxatives
84
What is the increased fluidity and frequency of bowel movements called?
Diarrhea
85
What causes diarrhea?
Infectious agent, intestinal inflammation, and unbalanced microphobia
86
What is the main cause of diarrhea?
Unbalanced microphobia
87
What can you do to treat acute (strong) diarrhea?
Rehydrate
88
What 4 things can you do to treat diarrhea?
1. Take antibiotics 2. Take probiotics 3. Do an elimination diet 4. Reduce sugar intake

Human Nutrition (21 decks)

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