Nutrients in Immunity

Question 1

What are the 4 major components of the immune system?

Answer 1

1. Skin
2. Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)
3. White blood cells (WBCs)
4. Lymphoid tissue

Question 2

What is a nearly continuous barrier to invading pathogens?

Answer 2

Skin

Question 3

What are the 2 main types of white blood cells (WBCs)?

Answer 3

1. Phagocytes

2. T and B cells

Question 4

Which type of white blood cell ingests and digests pathogens?

Answer 4

Phagocytes

Question 5

Which type of white blood cell is a lymphocyte that recognizes specific pathogens and mounts immune responses?

Answer 5

T and B cells

Question 6

What are the 3 lymphoid tissues in the body?

Answer 6

1. Bone marrow
2. Thymus
3. Spleen

Question 7

Which lymphoid tissue produces immune stem cells?

Answer 7

The bone marrow

Question 8

Which lymphoid tissue is the location of T cell maturation?

Answer 8

The thymus

Question 9

Which lymphoid tissue has an abundance of macrophages?

Answer 9

The spleen

Question 10

What percentage of the immune system does the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) make up?

Answer 10

70%

Question 11

What is an anti-bacteria agent?

Answer 11

Lysozyme

Question 12

What does the skin secrete?

Answer 12

Lysozyme

Question 13

Which lymphoid tissue is the site of B cell maturation?

Answer 13

The bone marrow

Question 14

Which lymphoid tissue clears damaged RBCs?

Answer 14

The spleen

Question 15

What are rapidly dividing cells in the body?

Answer 15

Immune cells

Question 16

Which nutrients are needed to maintain immune cells?

Answer 16

Protein, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12 and iron

Question 17

Which 2 vitamins work together to regulate gene expression in immune cells?

Answer 17

Vitamin D and vitamin A

Question 18

Which vitamin promotes immune cell division?

Answer 18

Vitamin D

Question 19

Why are antioxidants important to the health of WBCs?

Answer 19

They protect the oxidizing agents that kill pathogens

Question 20

True vitamin A is only found in what type of food?

Answer 20

Animal food

Question 21

What is the molecule that is found in plant foods that can be converted to vitamin A?

Answer 21

Carotenoids

Question 22

How effective is the conversion of carotenoids?

Answer 22

Not effective

Question 23

What are animal sources of true vitamin A?

Answer 23

Liver, egg yolks and full fat dairy

Question 24

What are plant sources of true vitamin A?

Answer 24

Carrots and sweet potatoes

Question 25

What percentage of carotenoids is effectively converted in true vitamin A?

Answer 25

10%

Question 26

What does vitamin A help skin cells become?

Answer 26

Mature, functional cells

Question 27

What does Vitamin A deficiency cause?

Answer 27

The breakdown of protective barriers

Question 28

Why is vitamin A referred to as the “anti-infection” vitamin?

Answer 28

It supports the activity of T cells to fight off bacteria and it improves vaccine efficacy

Question 29

What is the role of zinc in immunity?

Answer 29

It's vital for WBC formation and function

Question 30

What are 3 other functions of zinc in the body?

Answer 30

1. DNA synthesis and function 2. Protein metabolism, wound healing, growth 3. Development of sexual organs and bones

Question 31

Where was zinc deficiency first recognized?

Answer 31

Egypt

Question 32

What type of food was being eaten that created a zinc deficiency?

Answer 32

Unleavened bread

Question 33

What were 2 of the symptoms of zinc deficiency in children?

Answer 33

Delayed growth and poor sexual development

Question 34

What were 5 of the symptoms of zinc deficiency in adults?

Answer 34

Rash, diarrhea, appetite loss, delayed wound healing, impaired immunity

Question 35

What are some food sources of zinc?

Answer 35

Anything with animal protein in it

Question 36

How many enzymes require zinc as a cofactor?

Answer 36

Nearly 200

Question 37

What was the unleavened bread high in?

Answer 37

Phytic acid

Question 38

What is part of the rhodopsin protein that allows vision?

Answer 38

Vitamin A

Question 39

What did Egyptians use to treat night blindness?

Answer 39

Liver juice

Question 40

What is dry eye also known as?

Answer 40

Xeropthalmia

Question 41

How can xeropthalmia lead to eventual blindness?

Answer 41

The cells in your eye can't produce enough mucus to clean off your eye, which causes the eye to get so scratch that people go blind

Question 42

What is an example of a food that is high in zinc?

Answer 42

Oysters

Question 43

How can a vitamin A deficiency effect vision?

Answer 43

It can cause night blindness

Question 44

What is the leading cause of blindness?

Answer 44

Vitamin A deficiency

Question 45

What is when the immune system becomes “trained” to identify which substances are benign and which are hazardous?

Answer 45

Oral tolerance

Question 46

What are 4 diseases of the gut that result from poor oral tolerance?

Answer 46

Food allergy, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease and celiac disease

Question 47

What are 4 whole-body diseases that can result from poor oral tolerance?

Answer 47

Lupus, MS, arthritis and CVD

Question 48

What helps establish beneficial microbial populations?

Answer 48

Breastfeeding

Question 49

What does formula milk lack?

Answer 49

Milk fiber for bacteria, immune factors and cells

Question 50

Does breastfeeding or formula milk create an anti-inflammatory environment?

Answer 50

Breastfeeding

Question 51

Does breastfeeding or formula milk contains inflammatory components?

Answer 51

Formula milk

Question 52

Does breastfeeding or formula milk contain many different immune cells, factors and proteins to “train” infant immune system?

Answer 52

Breastfeeding

Question 53

Does breastfeeding or formula milk contain proteins that are difficult to digest?

Answer 53

Formula milk

Question 54

Do breastfed or formula fed infants have better health outcomes as adults?

Answer 54

Breastfed infants

Question 55

What protects our bodies against foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses?

Answer 55

Inflammation

Question 56

What is your bodies response to an injury?

Answer 56

Inflammation

Question 57

Which foods in the diet are the most inflammatory?

Answer 57

Vegetable oil, sugar, grains and processed foods

Question 58

Which foods are the most anti-inflammatory?

Answer 58

Fish and other seafood, grass-fed meat, dairy and eggs, and fruits and veggies