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Human Nutrition > Proteins > Flashcards

Proteins Flashcards

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1
Q

What represent a diverse array of nitrogenous molecules in the body?

A

Proteins

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2
Q

What molecules is protein made up of?

A

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen

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3
Q

Does protein contain sulfur

A

Yes, but only occasionally

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4
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins?

A

Amino Acids

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5
Q

Do carbs contain nitrogen?

A

No

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6
Q

Do lipids contain nitrogen?

A

No

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7
Q

Do proteins contain nitrogen?

A

Yes

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8
Q

What is a type of pepsin that has two amino acids linked together?

A

Dipeptides

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9
Q

What is a type of pepsin that has three amino acids linked together?

A

Tripeptides

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10
Q

What is a type of pepsin that has a small number (5-50) of amino acids linked together?

A

Oligopeptides

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11
Q

What is a type of pepsin that has more than 50 amino acids linked together?

A

Polypeptides

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12
Q

What is a type of pepsin that has one or more polypeptides with complex structure?

A

Protein

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13
Q

How many amino acids make up all proteins?

A

20

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14
Q

How many essential amino acids are there?

A

9

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15
Q

Can essential amino acids be synthesized by the body?

A

No

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16
Q

Can nonessential amino acids be synthesized by the body?

A

Yes

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17
Q

What is an essential amino acid in lowest concentration in food or diet relative to body needs?

A

Limiting amino acid

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18
Q

What is the most satiating (filling) of all the macronutrients?

A

Protein

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19
Q

What are the different food sources of animal protein?

A

Dairy, meat, eggs, and fish

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20
Q

What are the different food sources of plant proteins?

A

Beans, nuts and grains

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21
Q

What are 3 factors of animal foods?

A
  1. High quality
  2. Highly digestible
  3. Higher in fat
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22
Q

What are 3 factors of plant foods?

A
  1. Low quality
  2. Less digestible
  3. Higher in carbs
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23
Q

What are the 2 factors that make a protein high quality?

A
  1. They have complete proteins

2. They have sufficient amounts of the essential amino acids

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24
Q

What do incomplete proteins require?

A

Complementation

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25
Which types of protein are the most digestible?
Dairy and meat
26
Which types of protein are the least digestible?
Foods that require cooking and other types of processing
27
What is the source range for the least digestible proteins?
70-85%
28
What are the components in foods that cause allergies ?
Proteins
29
What is an inappropriate immune response to a food protein that is often severe and can even be fatal?
Food Allergy
30
What is an inappropriate immune response to a food protein that is more mild and creates chronic problems?
Food Sensitivity
31
What is the best way to test for food allergies and food sensitivity?
An elimination diet
32
In order to be digested what first needs to happen to proteins?
They need to be unfolded and then the bonds between amino acids need to be broken
33
What is the role of the stomach in protein digestion?
Acid unfolds the protein
34
What is the role of the small intestine in protein digestion?
CCK causes release of enzymes
35
What is an autoimmune response to wheat protein?
Celiac Disease
36
What are the symptoms of celiac disease?
Malnutrition and intense abdominal pain
37
What is an inflammatory response to different wheat proteins?
Gluten sensitivity
38
What are the symptoms of gluten sensitivity?
Abdominal pain and gas/bloating, constipation and/or diarrhea, and skin rash
39
What is the structural role of protein in the body?
It helps support the muscle
40
Is an enzyme a protein?
Yes
41
What is a neurotransmitter that regulates mood, appetite and sleep as well as intestinal motility?
Serotonin
42
What is a hormone that regulates sleep?
Melatonin
43
What regulates energy metabolism?
Thyroid hormone
44
What is a neurotransmitter that is involved in executive functions, motor control, motivation, arousal, reinforcement, and reward pathways?
Dopamine
45
What is a neurotransmitter that increases arousal and alertness, promotes vigilance, enhances formation and retrieval of memory, and focuses attention?
Norepinephrine
46
When there is protein malnutrition what is one of the first things to shut down?
The immune system
47
Does kwashiorkor cause severe weight loss or mild to moderate weight loss?
It causes mild to moderate weight loss
48
Does marasmus cause severe weight loss or mild to moderate weight loss?
It causes severe weight loss
49
Which organ produces glucose?
The liver
50
Can fatty acids be used to make glucose?
No
51
When does your body need to make its own glucose?
During periods of fasting or on low-carb diets
52
Why is protein the only slow-release carbohydrate?
The liver only releases them when we need them
53
Are proteins a primary source of energy for the body?
No
54
What are the preferred fuel sources of the body?
Fatty acids and carbs
55
When are proteins used as an energy source for the body?
When you are starving, have extreme bouts of physical activity or during poorly controlled weight loss
56
What is a diet with protein intake higher than the RDA (20-35%)?
A high protein diet
57
What does a high protein diet macronutrient intake look like?
Moderate protein, high fat, and low carb
58
What are the 4 myths of a high protein diet?
1. Low in plant foods (fiber), vitamins, phytochemicals 2. High in saturated fat and cholesterol 3. Excessive intake of processed red meat is linked with colon cancer 4. Burden on the kidney
59
What are the 4 advantages of a high protein diet?
1. Effective for fat loss 2. Stabilizes blood sugar 3. Helps build muscle 4. Can boost energy levels, reduce jitteriness, agitation and mood swings, improve sleep, and sharpen brain function
60
What are the 4 disadvantages of a high protein diet?
1. Too much methionine can be problematic 2. Can increase intake of cholesterol and saturated fat 3. Can decrease intake of healthy carbs 4. The advantages can disappear if the diet is stopped
61
What type of person eats only plant food?
Vegan
62
What type of person only eats fruits, nuts, honey, and vegetable oils?
Fruitarian
63
What type of person eats plant and dairy products?
Lactovegetarians
64
What type of person eats plant products, dairy, eggs?
Lacto-ovovegetarians
65
Are vegans and fruitarian herbivores or omnivores?
They are herbivores
66
Are lactovegetarians and lacto-ovovegetarians herbivores or omnivores?
They are omnivores
67
What are the 4 advantages of a vegetarian diet?
1. Consume lots of healthy vegetables and fruits 2. Limit consumption of cholesterol and saturated fat 3. High in fiber 4. Better relationship with food
68
What are the 6 disadvantages of a vegetarian diet?
1. Nutrient deficiencies more likely 2. Hard to get enough bioavailable protein 3. Excess indigestible protein 4. Potential for excess omega-6 fatty acids 5. Less absorbable iron form 6. Concern for pregnant women, infants and children

Human Nutrition (21 decks)

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