Human Development Flashcards
(145 cards)
1
Q
Keagan Theory
A
Interpersonal connection to reality perception
Constructive model of development - construct through life
2
Q
Debates over Human Development
A
Nature vs. Nurture and Active vs. Passive
Most current theorists insist it’s both but disagree on amount of impact exerted
3
Q
Fetal Origins
A
Impact on development during gestation
4
Q
Quantitative
A
Measured
5
Q
Qualitative
A
Change in organization/structure
6
Q
Critical Periods
A
Sensitive periods/ All or nothing periods
Development process that is nearly impossible to develop at a later time
7
Q
Young children have more neural activity than adults Y/N
A
Yes
8
Q
Shared vs. Non shared experiences
A
Nonshared experiences have more impact (i.e. different teachers)
9
Q
G. Stanley Hall
A
Founder of psychology in US
First president of APA
Child/child guidance/seminal works adolescence
10
Q
Behaviorism Theorists
A
Watson
Skinner
Pavlov
Wolpe
11
Q
Behaviorism Concepts
A
All behavior is a result of learning
Passive theory
Do not believe in mental constructs
If it can’t be measured, then it doesn’t exist
Mind is blank slate initially and fed info like a computer
12
Q
John Locke
A
Empiricism - Knowledge is acquired by experience
13
Q
Erik Erikson
A
8 psychosocial stages of development
1963 work Childhood and Society
14
Q
8 psychosocial stages of Erikson are based on…
A
Ego psychology and epigenetic principles
Growth is orderly, universal and systematic
15
Q
8 Stages Erikson
A
Trust v Mistrust - 1.5 years Autonomy v Shame/Doubt - 3 years Initiative v Guilt - 6 years Industry v Inferiority - 11 years Identity v Role Confusion - 18 years Intimacy v Isolation - 35 years Generativity v Stagnation 60 years Integrity v Despair - until end of life
To Mislead (trust vs mistrust) A Student (autonomy vs shame) In Geometry (Initiative vs guilt) Is Insane (industry vs inferiority) Indeed. Real (identity vs role confusion) Intellectual Individuals (intimacy vs isolation) Generally Start with (generativity vs stagnation) Instructional Data (integrity vs despair)
16
Q
Jean Piaget
A
Qualitative 4 stages of Cognitive Development
Genetic epistemology
Epigenetics
Idiographic
17
Q
Piaget 4 Stages
A
Sensorimotor - 2 years
Preoperational - 2-7 years
Concrete Operations - 7-12 years
Formal Operations - 12-16 years
Memory:
Babies start to sense
People get formal as they get older
18
Q
Piaget - Schema
A
Patterns of thought and behavior
19
Q
Piaget - Adaptation
A
Occurs qualitatively
Assimilation: Fits information into existing ideas
Accommodation: Modifies schema to incorporate new information
Both are complementary processes
Achieved = equilibrium
20
Q
Piaget - Concept of Ages
A
Ages can vary but order is static
21
Q
Piaget - Object permeance/ Reflexes /Representational Thought
A
Sensorimotor Stage
An object a child cannot see still exists
22
Q
Piaget - Centration
A
Preoperational Stage
Act of focusing on one aspect of something
Clown nose, but not clown face
23
Q
Piaget - Conservation
A
Concrete Operations Stage
Child knows volume and quantity do not change just because the appearance changes
- Same volume of water, different glass
24
Q
Piaget - Abstract Scientific Thinking
A
Formal Operations Stage
25
Keagan Constructive Developmental Model
Emphasizes the impact of interpersonal interaction and our perception of reality
26
Lawrence Kohlberg *
Moral development leader - children
3 Levels of Moral Development
Each level has 2 stages
Expanded on Piaget
27
Kohlberg - 3 levels
Preconventional - consequences
Conventional - conform to societal rules
Postconventional - self accepted moral principles
28
Carol Gilligan
Moral development for women
Women - sense of caring and compassion
Kohlberg's work was only on males
29
Daniel Levinson
4 Major Eras/ Transitions Theory
Season's of a man's life
30
Levinson - Major Era's
Childhood/ Adolescence
Early Adulthood
Middle Adulthood
Later Adulthood
31
Lev Vygotsky Concepts *
Cognitive development is not result of innate factors, produced by activities from culture
1896 - 1934
Educational intervention (not naturally)
32
Lev - Zone of proximal development
Difference in child ability to solve problems on his own and his capacity to solve them with help from others
33
Freud - Psychoanalytic Stages
```
Oral - 1 year
Anal - 1-3 years
Phallic | Oedipal, Electra Complex - 3-7 years
Latency - 3-12 years
Genital - Rest of life
```
34
Freud - Libido
Drive to live and sexual instinct even at birth
| Sublimated until adolescence
35
Freud - Regression
Return to earlier stage due to stress
36
Freud - Fixation
unable to move to the next stage
| Occurs when people are traumatized
37
Freud - Criticism
Focus on sex and not including rest of lifespan
38
Abraham Maslow
Hierarchy of Needs
Interviewed self actualized people who escaped the psychology of the average
Lower order psychological and safely must be met before self actualization occurs
39
William (Robert) Perry *
Dualistic Thinking
3 stages of intellectual and ethical development
adults/college age
40
Perry - Stages *
Dualism
Relativism
Commitment to Action
41
Perry - Dualism *
Truth as right or wrong
42
Perry - Relativism *
Perfect answer may not exists
Desire to know options
Adulthood
43
Perry - Commitment to Action
Individual is willing to change opinions based on facts and new POV
44
Diana Baumrind
Parenting Styles
45
Baumrind - Parenting Styles
Authoritative
Authoritarian
Permissive/Passive
46
Authoritative
high expectations
warm and nurturing
explanation of rules
outcome: happy and well adjusted
47
Authoritarian
Bossy - no explanation of rules
| Outcome: Anxious, withdrawn, antisocial
48
Permissive
Low control, wishes to please the child
| Outcome: lack of boundaries, social skills
49
Teen Pregnancy
Family therapy is the best treatment of choice
50
Psychodynamic Theories focus on...
unconscious processes
instead of
cognitive factors
51
Ego psychologists
Erikson
Ego: Logical, rational
Power of reasoning
52
Id
Sex and agression
53
Superego
Moralistic and Idealistic
54
Milton Erickson
Hypnosis
| Brief psychotherapy
55
Jay Haley
Strategic and problem solving
| Paradox
56
Arnold Lazarus
behavior therapy
phobia desensitization
Multimodal therapy
57
Idiographic Approaches
Freud
Piaget
Examine individuals studied
58
Nomothetic Approaches
DSM
Behaviorism
Groups of people studied
59
Piaget - Criticism
Studied on his own children
| Informal studies/ no statistics
60
Piaget - Sensorimotor Stage Traits
```
2 years
Object permeance
Representational Thought
Reflexes
Practical Intelligence
Schema
```
61
Piaget - Preoperational Traits
2-7 years
Centration
Egocentrism
Symbolic schema (language and symbol, milk carton becoming a spaceship)
Animistic
62
Piaget - Concrete Operations Traits
7-12 years
Conservation
All Cs - conservation, counting and concrete
63
Piaget - Formal Operations Traits
12-16 years
Abstract Scientific Thinking
Problem solving via Deduction
64
Concept of Mass and volume - children
MWV (as in MVP)
Children comprehend in order:
Mass
Weight
Volume
65
Epigenetic
Stage before must be completed
Kohlberg
Maslow
Erikson
Can also mean:
environmental factors can influence gene expression
66
Watson
Father of behaviorism
67
Piaget - Reversibility
Undo an action
| Water can return to original state
68
Piaget - Egocentrism
Cannot see world outside of self
Rain is following me
69
Heinz Dilemma - Kohlberg *
Asses the level and stage of moral development in individual
| Story of wife with cancer needing drug
70
Jung
Father of analytic psychology
71
Menninger Clinic
Biofeedback
72
RS*
Religious and Spiritual
| Counselors identifying as spiritual are increasing
73
Positive Psychology*
Maslow
Seligman
Postconventional - Study of human strengths (joy, wisdom)
74
Adler
Founder of individual psychology
| Inferiority complex
75
Identity Crisis
Erikson
Adolescents experiment with various roles
76
Kohlberg - Preconventional
consequences
reward, punishments
bad behavior punished, good is not
77
Kohlberg - Conventional
conform to societal rules
family, society
good boy
78
Kohlberg - Postconventional
```
self accepted moral principles
40% of males middle class reach this level
```
79
Sullivan
Interpersonal relations
Social Influences
- More influential than biology
Similar to Erikson
80
Sullivan - Stages
```
Infancy
Childhood
Juvenile Era
Preadolescence
Early Adolescence
Late Adolescence
```
81
Counterconditioning
systematic desensitization
| Weaken learned response by pairing with stronger response
82
Zone of proximal development
Vygotsky
83
Organ Inferiority
Adler
deficient than other people as a outcome of aversive emotions about a physical attribute
84
Maturation Theorists
Freud
Erikson
Gisell
Biological/Hereditary
Certain behaviors will not manifest themselves until stimuli are present in the environment.
Child must be ready to go on to the next grade level
85
DBT*
Mindfulness
Linehan
Clients self-harm, suicide, substance abuse
86
John Bowby
Bonding and attachment
Adaptive significance
Before age of 3
87
Object Loss
Bond severed before age of 3 -> abnormal behavior
Protest -> Despair -> Detachment
88
Mahler
Separation-Individual Theory
Difficulties in the symbiotic relationship result in adult psychosis
89
Arnold Gesell*
One-way mirror for observing children
90
Erikson - Generativity v Stagnation Traits
Midlife crisis
Generativity:
- Ability to be productive and happy
- Raise a family
- Creative work
- Produce a career
Middle age: fear of death
91
Daniel Levinson
Season's of a Man's Life/Women's Life
Positive mid life crisis - it is needed
- 80% of men had mid life crisis
- age 30 crisis occurs if they feel it's too late to make changes
92
Harry Harlow
Maternal Deprivation
Monkey experiment
Attachment
Preferred comfort - terry cloth
93
Maccoby and Jacklin
Males are better than females in math calculations
Sex roles - child rearing patterns instead of biology
94
Erikson - Intimacy vs Isolation Traits
Sharing life with other person
Fail at this stage - client may think they can depend on no one
95
Conformity Peak
Early Teens
96
Freud - Eros
Concept of life instinct
97
Freud - Thanatos
Self destructive death instinct
98
Freud - Manifest
Describes the dream material as it is presented to the dreamer
99
Freud - Latent
Hidden meaning of dream
100
Gender in suicide*
Males commit more often, females attempt more often
10th in US, 2nd in teens
101
Suicide and Depression*
Suicidal clients often make attempts after the depression lifts
102
Suicide and Age
Increase with age
103
Freud - Latent Stage
Nonsexual
| Social interests - learning, hobbies
104
Coopersmith
Child-rearing studies on self esteem
High self-esteem, kids were punished but taught high morals
105
Skinner
Behaviorist
| ABA - applied behavior analysis
106
Stage theorists on qualitative
qualitative changes between stages occur
107
Cephalocaudal
Head to Foot
108
Kohlberg - Preconventional Level 1 Stages
1: Punishment/Obedience
2: Hedonism
109
Kohlberg - Conventional Level 2 Stages
3: Good Boy
4: Authority, Law, Order
110
Kohlberg - Postconventional Level 3 Stages
5: Accepted Law
6: Principles of self conscience and ethics
111
Oedipus Complex
Fantasies of sexual relations with opposite sex parent occur
Phallic Stage
112
Electra Complex
Girls
113
Convert Desensitization
Psychological process which cannot be directly observed
114
Vivo Desensitization
Client is exposed to actual phobia situation
115
Libidinal*
Related to libido (sexual impulse or desire)
116
Eleanor Gibson
Visual Cliff
at 6 months, infants will not attempt to cross off
Depth perception
117
Empiricists
Believe that development consists of quantitative changes
Facts
Experiences
Behavioristic
118
Organismic
Goldstein
Gestalt/Holistic
119
Ethology
Study of animal's behavior in environments
120
Comparative Psychology
Lab animals to generalize findings for humans
121
Konrad Lorenz
Critical Periods
Animals instincts follow first object it encounters (mother)
Aggression inborn
122
Glasser
Reality Therapy with Choice Theory
123
Havinghurst*
Proposed developmental tasks
124
Havinghurst - Tasks*
1: Infancy and Early Childhood (Walk, Eat)
2: Middle Childhood (Developing conscious, interpersonal)
3: Adolescence (Career)
4: Early Adulthood (Partner)
5: Middle Age (Leisure, Teaching youth)
6: Later Maturity (Death of Spouse)
125
Increase probability that behavior will occur...*
needs both positive and negative reinforcement
126
Sandra Bern
Sex roles
127
BASIC-ID
Lazarus - Multimodal, variety of therapeutic techniques
```
Behavior
Affective Responses
Sensations
Imagery
Cognitions
Interpersonal Relationships
Drugs
```
128
Animistic
Human characteristics to inhuman objects
Piaget - preoperational
129
Jung - Archetypes
Anima: Female characteristics of personality
Animus: Male characteristics of personality
130
Erikson - Identity vs Role Confusion Traits
Ego identity
131
School Counseling*
New development 1960s
1: Previous belief that teachers should be counselors
2: Counseling focused on career
3: Secondary schools would use social workers to intervene
132
Play Therapy*
Play therapy and art therapy can be preferred because cultural differences have less of an impact on interventions
133
Wolpe
Systematic desensitization
134
Albert Ellis
REBT - Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
Scientific/ Logical
135
Anxiety vs. Phobia*
Anxiety: Client is unaware of the source of the fear
136
Seligman
Learned helplessness
137
Frank Parsons
Father of Guidance
138
Carl Rogers
Nondirective Counseling
Client Centered Counseling
Person Centered Counseling
139
Piaget - Conceptualization of Moral Development Stages
1: Autonomous Stage (Age 10): Rules can be altered
2: Heteronomous Stage (Age 4-7): Views rules as absolute
140
Imprinting
Rapid learning during a critical period
Infant will follow a moving object
Lorenz
141
Structuralists
Piaget
Each stage is a way of making sense of the world
142
Examples of Genetic Conditions
```
Down Syndrome
PKU
Turner's Syndrome
Klinefelter' Syndrome
Hemophilia
Sickle Cell Anemia
```
143
Ritualistic behaviors are known as
FAP: Fixed Action Patterns
144
Robert Kegan - Stages
```
Incorporative
Impulsive
Imperial
Interpersonal
Institutional
Interindividual
```
145
Kegan - Holding environment
Client can make new meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction
