Human Genetics chapter 1

Question 0

Genetics (3)

Answer 0

1. The scientific study of heredity. 2. studies molecules that make up genes and gene products. 3. studies the way genes are turned on and off

Question 1

Trait

Answer 1

Any observable property of an organism.

Question 2

DNA

Answer 2

A helical molecule consisting of two strands of nucleotides that is the primary carrier of genetic information.

Question 4

Gene (3)

Answer 4

1. The fundamental unit of heredity and the basic structural and functional unit of genetics. 2. a string of chemical subunits, nucleotides, in a DNA molecule. 3. A gene is composed of a base, a phosphate and a sugar (aka nucleotide)

Question 4

Pedigree analysis

Answer 4

The construction of family trees and their use to follow the transmission of genetic traits in families. It is the basic method of studying the inheritance of traits in humans.

Question 5

Transmission genetics (3)

Answer 5

1. The branch of genetics concerned with the mechanisms by which genes are transferred from parent to offspring. 2. AKA Mendel genetics or classical genetics. 3. Uses pedigree analysis to analyze family history and traits over generations to asses disease risks to future generations.

Question 6

Karyotype

Answer 6

A complete set of chromosomes from a cell that has been photographed during cell division and arranged in a standard sequence.

Question 7

Cytogenetics (2)

Answer 7

1. The branch of genetics that studies the organization and arrangement of genes and chromosomes by using the techniques of microscopy. 2. Studies chromosome number and structure using karyotyping.

Question 9

Molecular genetics (2)

Answer 9

1. The study of genetic events at the biochemical level. 2. Utilizes recombinant DNA technology to identify, isolate, clone, and analyze genes (genetic engineering).

Question 9

Clones

Answer 9

Genetically identical molecules, cells, or organisms, all derived from a single ancestor

Question 10

Recombinant DNA technology (2)

Answer 10

1. A series of techniques in which DNA fragments from an organism are linked to self-replicating vectors to create recombinant DNA molecules, which are replicated or cloned in a host cell. 2. Recombinant DNA technology is the foundation of DNA cloning, genome projects, and biotechnology. This technology has affected medicine, agriculture, and the legal system.

Question 11

Gene therapy

Answer 11

Procedure in which normal genes are transplanted into humans carrying defective copies, as a means of treating genetic diseases.

Question 12

Genome

Answer 12

The set of DNA sequences carried by an individual.

Question 13

Genomics

Answer 13

The study of the organization, function, and evolution of genomes

Question 14

Population genetics

Answer 14

The branch of genetics that studies inherited variation in populations of individuals and the forces that alter gene frequency.

Question 15

Eugenics

Answer 15

The attempt to improve the human species by selective breeding.

Question 16

Hereditarianism

Answer 16

The mistaken idea that human traits are determined solely by genetic inheritance, ignoring the contribution of the environment.

Question 17

Single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)

Answer 17

Single nucleotide differences between and among individuals in a population or species

Question 18

Haplotype

Answer 18

A set of genetic markers located close together on a single chromosome or chromosome region.

Question 19

Genome-wide association study (GWAS)

Answer 19

Analysis of genetic variation across an entire genome, searching for associations (link-ages) between variations in DNA sequences and a genome region encoding a specific phenotype.

Question 20

Biotechnology

Answer 20

The use of recombinant DNA technology to produce commercial goods and services

Question 21

In what way has biotechnology had an impact on agriculture in the U.S? List 2 specific examples.

Answer 21

a Products of biotechnology are found in hospitals, clinics, dr. offices, drug stores, supermarkets, department stores, law departments, courts, and in production of industrial chemicals, and cleanup of waste sites. b Genetically modified food is a rapidly expanding controversial use of biotechnology. Recombinant DNA tech. being used to produce human insulin in bacteria and other host cells for treatment of diabetes

Question 22

Recount a brief history of the Eugenics movement and its scientific flaws

Answer 22

Eugenics was initiated by a proposition of Francis Galton (Darwins cousin) to enhance the human population by applying the principle of natural selection. The idea of selective breeding was used to try to improve humankind by encouraging those with desirable traits to reproduce and discourage those with undesirable traits to stop reproducing. This eventually lead to the legal sterilization without consent of those deemed ‘feebleminded’ or ‘defected’ in some way. News of the U.S sterilization law reached other countries and Nazi Germany began to adopt its practices and it soon expanded into the devastating eradication of entire ethnic groups such as the Jews.