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nce & ncmhce > Human Growth and Development > Flashcards

Human Growth and Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Define epigenetic.

A

Epigenetic theory states that an individual is formed by successive development of an unstructured egg rather than by the growth of a preformed entity.

Kohlberg, Erikson, and Maslow used epigenetic principles in their theories.

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2
Q

What does cephalocaudal refer to?

A

Cephalocaudal means from head to tail and can refer to the head of a fetus developing before the legs.

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3
Q

What is in vivo desensitization?

A

In vivo desensitization is a behavior therapy technique in which a person is gradually exposed to something he fears.

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4
Q

Define instinctual.

A

Instinctual refers to behavior that is innate rather than learned.

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5
Q

What is ethology?

A

Ethology is the study of animals in their natural environment and makes use of Darwinian theory.

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6
Q

Define psychometrics.

A

Psychometrics is the design, administration, and interpretation of tests that measure intelligence, aptitude, and personality characteristics.

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7
Q

What is psychopharmacology?

A

Psychopharmacology is the study of the effects of drugs on psychological functions.

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8
Q

What do empiricists believe?

A

Empiricists maintain that experience is the only source of knowledge.

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9
Q

What is organicism?

A

Organicism is the theory that the total organization of an organism is the determinant of life processes.

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10
Q

Define psychodiagnostics.

A

Psychodiagnostics are a type of testing that assesses how a patient’s thinking and emotions may affect his or her behavior.

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11
Q

What is the dictionary definition of intelligence?

A

Intelligence is the capacity to acquire and apply knowledge.

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12
Q

What is emotional intelligence according to Daniel Goleman?

A

Emotional intelligence includes self-motivation, self-awareness, empathy, social awareness, and persistence.

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13
Q

What is the nature vs. nurture debate?

A

Nature vs. nurture is the question of whether a person is more influenced by nature (genetic traits) or nurture (learning from the environment).

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14
Q

Define genotype.

A

Genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism.

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15
Q

Define phenotype.

A

Phenotype is the physical or biochemical characteristics determined by genetics and the environment of an organism.

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16
Q

What does tabula rasa mean?

A

Tabula rasa is John Locke’s philosophy that a child is born with an unformed mind that develops through experience.

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17
Q

What is plasticity in human development?

A

Plasticity is the smooth transition of a person from one stage of development to the next.

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18
Q

Define resiliency.

A

Resiliency is the ability of a person to deal successfully with adverse conditions and adapt effectively.

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19
Q

List Erikson’s 8 stages of development.

A
  • Infancy: Trust vs. Mistrust (Hope)
  • Toddler: Autonomy vs. Shame (Will)
  • Preschooler: Initiative vs. Guilt (Purpose)
  • School Age: Industry vs. Inferiority (Competence)
  • Adolescence: Identity vs. Diffusion (Fidelity)
  • Young Adulthood: Intimacy vs. Isolation (Love)
  • Middle Adulthood: Generativity vs. Stagnation (Care)
  • Late Adulthood: Integrity vs. Despair (Wisdom)
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20
Q

What are the broad categories used to categorize theories of human development?

A
  • Learning (behavioral, social learning, information-processing theories)
  • Cognitive (concerned with obtaining knowledge)
  • Psychoanalytic (method developed by Freud)
  • Humanistic (explains development through reasoning and scientific method)
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21
Q

What is the psychoanalytic theory based on?

A

The psychoanalytic theory postulates that all humans have instincts to satisfy their needs for food, shelter, and warmth.

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22
Q

What are the five stages of Freud’s psychosexual development?

A
  • Oral (birth to 18 months)
  • Anal (2 to 3 years)
  • Phallic (3 to 5 years)
  • Latency (6 years to puberty)
  • Genital (puberty to adulthood)
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23
Q

What is generativity in Erikson’s theory?

A

Generativity refers to the ability to care for another and is most concerned with creative and meaningful work and family issues in middle adulthood.

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24
Q

Define the Oedipus Complex.

A

The Oedipus Complex involves a boy’s subconscious sexual feelings toward the mother and jealousy of the father.

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25
Define the Electra Complex.
The Electra Complex involves a girl's subconscious sexual feelings toward the father and jealousy of the mother.
26
What is the role of the id in personality?
The id is concerned with primitive instincts such as hunger, sex, and aggression and is not concerned with consequences.
27
What is the function of the ego?
The ego balances the id and the superego, controlling behavior based on external reality.
28
Define centration.
Centration is focusing on one feature of an object while ignoring the rest.
29
What is egocentrism in Piaget’s theory?
Egocentrism is a child's ability to see the world only from his own viewpoint.
30
What does epistemology refer to?
Epistemology is the theory of knowledge.
31
What is symbolic schema?
Symbolic schema is Piaget’s term for the use of language and symbolism in play during the preoperational stage.
32
List the key concepts in Jean Piaget’s theory of development.
* Schemas * Assimilation * Accommodation * Equilibration
33
What are Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?
* Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years) * Preoperational (2 to 7 years) * Concrete operational (7 to 11 years) * Formal operational (11 or 12 years to adulthood)
34
What did John Bowlby believe about bonding?
Bowlby believed that bonding with an adult before the age of three is vital for normal social life.
35
What did Harry Harlow's research on monkeys demonstrate?
Harlow's research showed that attachment is an innate tendency, as isolation led to abnormal behavior.
36
List the three levels of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development.
* Preconventional morality * Conventional morality * Postconventional morality
37
What is the major theme in Levinson’s The Seasons of a Man’s Life?
Levinson's theory divides life into four periods with major transitions occurring at specific ages.
38
What are the four periods of adulthood identified by Levinson?
Pre-adulthood, early adulthood, middle adulthood, late adulthood ## Footnote Levinson proposed major transitions occur between these stages.
39
At what ages does Levinson suggest the transition into early adulthood occurs?
17 to 22 years ## Footnote This marks the shift from pre-adulthood to early adulthood.
40
What are the three sets of developmental tasks according to Levinson?
* Build, modify, and enhance a life structure * Form and modify the single components of the life structure * Tasks necessary to becoming more of an individual
41
What percentage of men studied by Levinson experienced a midlife crisis?
80 percent ## Footnote This occurs during the transition to middle adulthood.
42
Define imprinting according to Konrad Lorenz.
Instinctively following the first moving object seen after hatching ## Footnote This is typically the mother but can be any living or non-living thing.
43
What is the concept of 'critical periods' as described by Konrad Lorenz?
Certain behaviors must be learned at specific stages of development or they may not be learned at all.
44
What did Nancy Chodorow argue about gender stereotyping in psychoanalytic theory?
It devalues feminine qualities and contributes to women's status as second-class citizens.
45
How did Jean Baker Miller define 'care taking'?
Helping others to develop emotionally, intellectually, and socially.
46
What is Harriet Lerner's view on women's development?
Women need to achieve a healthy balance between caring for others and themselves.
47
According to Carol Tavris, how does society view women?
Society pathologizes women and judges them based on male standards.
48
What moral judgment approach does Carol Gilligan suggest women use?
Women make moral judgments based on human relationships and caring.
49
What does Gail Sheehy discuss in her book, 'Passages'?
Transitional crisis periods between stages of a woman's life that provide opportunities for growth.
50
What is Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
A theory that prioritizes needs from basic to higher: physiological, security/safety, belonging/love, esteem, self-actualization.
51
What does Gesell's maturationist theory suggest?
Development is a biological process that proceeds in an orderly and predictable manner, independent of environmental influences.
52
What is the behaviorism theory of learning?
Learning is a change of behavior brought about by the consequences of behaviors.
53
What does Thorndike's 'law of effect' state?
A behavior followed by a reward is strengthened and more likely to be repeated.
54
List the theorists and their associated theories: Rogers, Berne, Freud, Ellis, Perls.
* Rogers – Person-Centered: People are essentially good * Berne – Transactional Analysis: Each person has 3 ego states * Freud – Psychoanalysis: Biological instincts control people * Ellis – Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy: Different reactions can be taught * Perls – Gestalt: People are affected by their environment
55
What are the four categories of Perry's Scheme of Intellectual and Ethical Development?
* Dualism * Multiplicity * Relativism * Commitment
56
What is the contribution of Francis Galton?
Pioneer in the study of individual differences, concluded intelligence is primarily genetic.
57
What did J.P. Gilford contribute to intelligence theory?
Used factor analysis to isolate 120 factors that contribute to intelligence.
58
Who created the first intelligence test and what was it called?
Alfred Binet created the first intelligence test, known as the Binet-Simon test.
59
What is the formula for the original Stanford-Binet IQ?
MA/CA x 100 ## Footnote Where MA is mental age and CA is chronological age.
60
What theory did Arthur Jensen apply to adopted children?
Intelligence is genetic, expecting adopted children to have IQ scores closer to biological parents.
61
What is the Black Intelligence Test of Cultural Homogeneity (BITCH)?
Created by Robert Williams to demonstrate that African-Americans excel on intelligence tests when culturally biased.
62
How does spirituality influence a person's personality development?
It affects self-perception, relationships, societal views, and reactions to problems.

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