Social and Cultural Diversity

Question 1

What is the active-directive counseling model?

Answer 1

A model where the counselor provides advice with authority and exhibits a strong attitude, suitable for clients from cultures that value authority figures.

This model may involve a teacher-student atmosphere with homework.

Question 2

Who created the humanistic person-centered counseling approach?

Answer 2

Carl Rogers.

This approach is non-judgmental and assumes clients have the solutions to their problems.

Question 3

What does Osgood and Tannenbaum’s Congruity Theory suggest?

Answer 3

The more similar the client and counselor are, the more readily the client will accept suggestions from the counselor.

Question 4

What is client-centered theory?

Answer 4

A theory that encourages open dialogue and respect for cultural values, effective for clients from cultures that do not rely heavily on authority figures.

Question 5

What does existential theory emphasize?

Answer 5

The search for meaning and personal responsibility for one’s decisions.

It may not be suitable for clients unaccustomed to personal choice.

Question 6

What is Gestalt therapy?

Answer 6

A therapy that uses various techniques tailored to each client, focusing on nonverbal communication and current situations.

Question 7

What is psychoanalytical counseling?

Answer 7

An approach that may not suit those seeking short-term solutions but can appeal to clients focused on family dynamics.

Question 8

What is reality therapy?

Answer 8

A therapy that identifies problems and suggests solutions within the client’s cultural context, focusing on current situations rather than the past.

Question 9

What is behavioral therapy?

Answer 9

A short-term therapy that downplays feelings and focuses on how new behaviors fit into the client’s cultural environment.

Question 10

What is Alfred Adler’s concept of birth order?

Answer 10

The idea that a child’s position in the family influences their personality and behavior, with specific traits associated with first-borns, second-borns, middle children, youngest children, and only children.

Question 11

What is cognitive-behavior therapy focused on?

Answer 11

It emphasizes thinking over feeling and examines beliefs and premises, making it suitable for cultures that discourage emotional expression.

Question 12

What does feminist therapy aim to address?

Answer 12

The empowerment of women and societal and family issues, emphasizing the client’s cultural background.

Question 13

List factors influencing the socialization process.

Answer 13

• Parents
• Peers
• Society
• The media
• Gender identity

Question 14

What does YAVIS stand for?

Answer 14

Young, attractive, verbal, intelligent, and successful – the most desirable client traits.

Question 15

What does QUOID stand for?

Answer 15

Quiet, ugly, old, indigent, dissimilar culturally – the most undesirable client traits.

Question 16

Define disability.

Answer 16

A physical or mental limitation or incapacity.

Question 17

Define handicap.

Answer 17

A physical or mental deficiency that limits or prevents an activity.

Question 18

What is intrinsic motivation?

Answer 18

Internal motivation for a behavior based on enjoyment rather than external influences.

Question 19

What is extrinsic motivation?

Answer 19

Motivation based on the expectation of a reward or punishment.

Question 20

What unique factors affect older workers?

Answer 20

Older workers may experience job satisfaction but can face longer unemployment periods and need to feel secure in their roles.

Question 21

What are common characteristics of adults over the age of 60?

Answer 21

• Physical impairment
• Potential intellectual decline
• Depression affecting about 10% without treatment
• Issues with ageism and loss of family members

Question 22

What does IDEA stand for?

Answer 22

Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004.

It ensures free and appropriate public education for individuals with disabilities.

Question 23

List differences to be aware of when working with women and men in counseling.

Answer 23

• Early theories focused on males
• Women face multiple role conflicts
• Men are socialized to be competitive and unemotional
• Women are socialized to be nurturing and expressive

Question 24

What are the five stages of the family life cycle?

Answer 24

• Independence
• Coupling
• Parenting
• Launching adult children
• Retirement or senior years

Question 25

What does the Americans with Disabilities Act prohibit?

Answer 25

Discrimination against qualified and disabled persons by private employers, employment agencies, and local/state governments.

Question 26

What are the eight theoretical concepts of family systems theory?

Answer 26

* Differentiation of self * Nuclear family emotional system * Triangulation * Family projection process * Multigenerational transmission process * Emotional cutoff * Sibling position * Societal emotional process

Question 27

How do cultural norms influence family definitions?

Answer 27

Definitions of family can be narrow (nuclear) or broad (multigenerational) depending on cultural and ethnic backgrounds.

Question 28

What are alternative families?

Answer 28

Any family structure that is not nuclear, including single-parent families, remarried families, childless couples, and gay/lesbian families.

Question 29

What are cultural norms?

Answer 29

Systems of beliefs, values, and behaviors specific to a cultural group.

Question 30

What are the different family patterns mentioned?

Answer 30

Family patterns include: * One parent and one or more children * Remarried families with stepparents * Childless couples * Gay and lesbian families ## Footnote These family structures may involve multigenerational dynamics and challenges.

Question 31

Define cultural norms.

Answer 31

Cultural norms are the systems of beliefs, values, and behaviors specific to a cultural group. They serve as unwritten rules for everyday living.

Question 32

How do children learn cultural norms?

Answer 32

Children learn cultural norms from their parents and other close associates.

Question 33

List the six different cultures people are part of.

Answer 33

Cultures include: * Universal * Ecological * National * Regional * Racio-ethnic * Ethnic ## Footnote Each culture differs based on customs, values, attitudes, and beliefs.

Question 34

Define prejudice.

Answer 34

Prejudice is a preconceived judgment or opinion formed without sufficient knowledge.

Question 35

What are some major 'isms' that counselors need to address?

Answer 35

Major 'isms' include: * Racism * Sexism * Ageism * Anti-Semitism * Size-ism * Heterosexism * Ablism * Classism * Ethnocentrism ## Footnote Each 'ism' reflects a specific form of prejudice or discrimination.

Question 36

What is acculturation?

Answer 36

Acculturation is the process by which a minority group adopts the values, beliefs, and customs of the majority population.

Question 37

Define assimilation.

Answer 37

Assimilation is the process by which immigrants or minority groups adopt the characteristics of the dominant culture.

Question 38

What is cultural encapsulation?

Answer 38

Cultural encapsulation is a form of ethnocentrism where a person defines reality based on their own cultural assumptions.

Question 39

Define worldview.

Answer 39

Worldview is the way a person sees and interprets the world, encompassing attitudes, values, and opinions.

Question 40

List some techniques for working with clients from different cultures.

Answer 40

Techniques include: * Help clients reach self-determined goals * Learn about clients' cultures * Understand cultural interaction with the sociopolitical environment * Utilize network therapy when appropriate * Be sensitive to family roles * Assume various counselor roles * Overcome personal biases ## Footnote Respect for client uniqueness is crucial in multicultural counseling.

Question 41

What are the six issues of culture and class in cultural counseling?

Answer 41

Issues include: * Normative behavior * Structuring roles * Transference and counter-transference * Language barriers * Personalism * Diagnosis considerations ## Footnote Each issue highlights essential aspects for effective cultural counseling.