Assessment and Testing Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
What is appraisal in the context of assessment?
A
A variety of assessment tools including tests and surveys used to evaluate traits and behaviors.
2
Q
Define measure in assessment.
A
A score assigned to a person’s traits or behavior.
3
Q
What is a test?
A
A systematic method of measuring or evaluating.
4
Q
What are objective test items?
A
Items based on a universal standard such as multiple choice; require little or no judgment in scoring.
5
Q
Define subjective test items.
A
Items such as essay questions; scoring requires judgment and may reflect the scorer’s bias.
6
Q
What are projective tests?
A
Unstructured tests that may reveal basic personality, concealed feelings, and internal conflicts.
7
Q
What is a free choice test?
A
Short answer questions that elicit subjective information.
8
Q
Define forced choice items.
A
Items such as true/false questions for which the test taker must recall information.
9
Q
What is the halo effect?
A
A favorable evaluation of a personality based on the perception of a single trait.
10
Q
What is the difficulty index in testing?
A
The percentage of test takers who respond correctly to an item.
11
Q
What are dichotomous items?
A
Questions such as true/false that give the test taker opposing choices.
12
Q
Define normative item format.
A
Unlinked items on a test.
13
Q
What is a normative test?
A
A test in which a person’s test results can be compared to the scores of others; a percentile rank can be created.
14
Q
What is ipsative format?
A
Allows a person to compare two or more examples of his or her own performance; does not allow for comparison with others.
15
Q
Define power test.
A
Untimed test; tests mastery level.
16
Q
What are speed tests?
A
Timed test; difficulty is based more on how quickly questions can be answered than on the content.
17
Q
What is a spiral test?
A
Starts with easier questions and progresses to harder ones.
18
Q
Define cyclical test.
A
Test with multiple sections where questions in each section progress in difficulty.
19
Q
What is a test battery?
A
A collection of tests given to the same group of people and scored against the same standard.
20
Q
What is a horizontal test?
A
A testing procedure that covers material from different subjects.
21
Q
Define vertical tests.
A
Tests on the same subject given at different levels or ages.
22
Q
What is Q-Sort?
A
A tool for measuring self-esteem by choosing statement-bearing cards ranging from ‘most like me’ to ‘least like me.’
23
Q
What is the mean?
A
The average score from a group of tests.
24
Q
Define median.
A
The middle score from a group of tests.
25
What is the mode?
The score that occurs most frequently in a set of scores.
26
Define skew in statistics.
The amount a score deviates from the norm.
27
What is the range?
The lowest score subtracted from the highest.
28
What is standard deviation?
A measure of statistical dispersion; how widely spread the scores are from the mean.
29
Define variance.
The square of the standard deviation.
30
What is a bell curve?
A graphic illustration of the normal distribution of a data set.
31
What is a percentile?
On a scale of 100, the number that shows the percent of a data distribution equal to or below it.
32
Define stanine.
A way of scaling test scores; nine divisions, five in the middle with a standard deviation of 2.
33
What is a z-score?
A method for determining a standardized score; subtract the mean from an individual score then divide by the standard deviation.
34
Define T-score.
A score within a normal distribution with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10.
35
What is validity in testing?
The degree to which a test measures what it is designed to measure.
36
What is face validity?
Obvious validity; for example, questions on a math test deal with math.
37
Define content validity.
Reflection of the subject matter in the content of the test.
38
What is predictive validity?
The capability of a testing instrument to predict future behavior.
39
Define concurrent validity.
Immediate comparison of test results with other sources measuring the same factors.
40
What is construct validity?
The extent to which a testing instrument measures an abstract psychological trait.
41
What is correlation coefficient?
A measurement of the linear relationship between two variables.
42
Define reliability.
The consistency with which a test yields similar results.
43
What is intrusive measurement?
Situations where a person is aware he or she is being observed, potentially affecting results.
44
Define obtrusive measurement.
Nonreactive; subject is unaware of observation or investigation.
45
What is regression to the mean?
A statistical concept where extreme scores tend to be closer to the mean on subsequent tests.
46
What is a rating scale?
A chart used to indicate the degree to which an attribute or characteristic exists.
47
Define sociometry.
A method of tracking the relationship of individuals within a group.
48
What does psychometric refer to?
Any form of mental testing.
49
What is the coefficient of determination?
The square of the correlation coefficient showing common variation between two variables.
50
Define standard error of measurement (SEM).
A statistical range that includes a test taker’s score calculated by the test’s standard deviation.
51
What is evaluation in the assessment process?
The process of accumulating data to improve decision-making based on reliable standards.
52
Define decision making in the assessment process.
Weighing collected data against possible consequences and test results.
53
Why is individual assessment important in mental health counseling?
It helps clients gain perspective on behaviors, genetics, and life circumstances.
54
What are key elements of the initial interview?
* Intake form
* Informed consent
* Identification of problem/diagnoses
* Psychosocial history
* Establishing rapport
55
What are the three levels of observation used by mental health counselors?
* Casual informational observation
* Guided observation
* Clinical level observation
56
What is the purpose of a diagnostic interview?
To determine the type of problem the client is having and to diagnose the condition.
57
What are key elements of the biopsychosocial interview?
* Current problems and concerns
* Health history
* Psychiatric/Psychological history
* Substance abuse history
* Family history
* Legal/Criminal history
* MMSE
* Psychosocial history
* Cultural identification and beliefs
58
How must the counselor assess the presenting problem and level of distress?
* Reviewing the intake form
* Administering screening tools
* Observing non-verbal behavior
* Listening to the client
* Questioning the client
59
What is the purpose of the initial screening in counseling?
To identify the presenting problem and assess the severity of the problem or client’s level of distress
## Footnote
Involves questioning the client, asking for clarification, and encouraging further sharing of information.
60
What does the cultural formulation interview aim to improve?
Clinical understanding
## Footnote
Developed by the APA as part of research and clinical evaluation.
61
List the main topics covered in a cultural formulation interview.
* Cultural definition of the problem
* Cultural perceptions of cause, context, and support
* Cultural factors affecting self-coping and past help seeking
* Cultural factors affecting current help seeking
62
What is thematic assessment?
It appraises major themes that have happened over the lifetime of a patient
## Footnote
Involves noting themes or predominant topics during the patient’s verbalization of life events.
63
What is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)?
A paper-and-pencil test used in thematic assessment, updated in 2008 to MMPI-2-RF
## Footnote
It measures various psychological conditions.
64
Define actuarial predictions.
Predictions based on empirically-validated data
## Footnote
May incorporate regressive or multiple regressive equations.
65
What are clinical predictions based on?
The intuition and experience of the observing clinician
66
What strategies can a clinician use to establish rapport with a child?
* Using descriptive statements
* Using reflective statements
* Praising specific contributions
* Avoiding criticism
67
What tools can be used to assess substance abuse?
* Observation
* Questioning
* Screening tools like the CAGE tool and the Addiction Severity Index
68
How should a counselor assess for trauma?
* Explain the procedure for screening
* Ask questions slowly and gradually increase specificity
* Maintain awareness of personal response
* Focus on the client’s current recovery
* Provide time and space for composure
69
What does the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 state regarding tests for disabled individuals?
Tests should reflect only the person’s ability and not their disability
## Footnote
Employers must also provide reasonable accommodations.
70
Define intellectual disability.
Limitations in mental functioning and significant limitations in everyday functioning that are present before the age of 18.
71
What is the purpose of the Individuals with Disabilities Act?
To ensure evaluation and development of an individualized educational plan (IEP) for disabled individuals under 25.
72
What is the significance of the case Larry P. vs. Riles?
Established that IQ tests can be racially discriminatory for placing African-Americans in special education.
73
What do the Vineland Behavior Scales measure?
Communication, daily living skills, and socialization for developing special education programs.
74
What should counselors assess for in relation to homicidal ideation?
Risk factors like sociopathy/psychopathy, psychosis, and effects of medications.
75
What are key considerations for ongoing assessments of at-risk behaviors?
* Suicide
* Homicide
* Self-injury
* Relationship violence
76
What does a neuropsychological assessment measure?
Brain dysfunction related to language, attention, concentration, memory, and perceptual and motor skills.
77
List some neuropsychological assessment instruments.
* Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery
* Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test
78
What is the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery (HRNB)?
A group of tests effective at differentiating between normal individuals and those with brain damage.
79
What does the Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT) assess?
Visual memory, spatial perception, and visual-motor skills
## Footnote
It is used to diagnose brain damage.
80
What is the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WSCT) used for?
To assess the ability to form abstract concepts and shift cognitive strategies.
81
What is the purpose of psychometric instruments in the assessment process?
To collect pertinent data on the client.
82
Define measurement in the context of assessment.
A numerical value allocated to a mannerism, attribute, or characteristic on the instrument.
83
What is the role of psychometric instruments in the assessment process?
Used to collect pertinent data on the client
## Footnote
Psychometric instruments help in developing a representation of the client through the collection of facts.
84
Define measurement in the context of assessment.
A numerical value allocated to a mannerism, attribute, or characteristic
## Footnote
The measurement must be commonly understood by the general population.
85
What is a test?
A task or series of tasks used to examine a psychomotor behavior or action indicative of a state of being
## Footnote
This state can be cognitively or affectively based.
86
What are client self-reports?
Reports provided by the client, often through self-report or intake forms
## Footnote
Examples include the CAGE tool for alcohol abuse or extensive forms covering demographics and medical history.
87
What should counselors consider when selecting tests for clients?
Clients' needs and wants, informed decisions about tests, and ethical considerations
## Footnote
Testing should not be perceived as a threat or manipulative tool.
88
List some circumstances when testing is useful.
* Determine if client’s needs are within counselor’s scope
* Help clients understand themselves
* Aid in decision making
* Evaluate counseling
## Footnote
Testing can also help counselors understand clients better and determine appropriate methods.
89
What are some ethical issues associated with client testing?
Professional competence, qualifications, confidentiality of the client
## Footnote
Ethical guidelines include the American Psychological Association's Code of Ethics and the American Counseling Association's Code of Ethics.
90
What test-related issues impact the selection of a test?
Validity, reliability, and norm standards
## Footnote
Validity ensures the test measures what it is supposed to measure, while reliability ensures consistent results over time.
91
List the five standardized assessment tools.
* Achievement test
* Aptitude test
* Intelligence test
* Vocational preference instrument
* Personality test
## Footnote
Each tool serves a specific purpose in evaluating different aspects of a client.
92
What is a formal mental status exam?
An assessment of a person's appearance, behavior, thought processes, mood, emotions, and awareness
## Footnote
It evaluates factors such as intelligence and personality characteristics.
93
Discuss the difference between paper-and-pencil tests and performance tests.
Paper-and-pencil tests are often completed in groups, while performance tests require verbal responses to measure client capability
## Footnote
Performance tests like the Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test assess intellectual functioning.
94
What is the difference between norm-referenced and criterion-based tests?
Norm-referenced tests compare raw scores to a group score; criterion-based tests compare raw scores to a criterion of mastery
## Footnote
Raw scores indicate the number of correct answers or patterns found.
95
What are the major types of tests and inventories?
* Intelligence exams
* Achievement tests
* Aptitude tests
* Personality tests
* Interest inventories
## Footnote
Examples include MMPI-2 for personality tests and Stanford-Binet for intelligence exams.
96
List the steps in interpreting test scores with a client.
* Train in test theory
* Understand scores and implications
* Explain the test in non-technical language
* Review scores with the client
* Present results in an organized manner
## Footnote
The counselor should also explain the interrelationship of multiple tests if applicable.
97
What should the counselor explain to the client regarding the test?
The reason for the test and what it measures
## Footnote
This ensures the client understands the purpose and significance of the assessment.
98
What should the counselor explain when reviewing scores with the client?
Percentiles and other technical terms
## Footnote
This helps the client grasp the meaning of their scores in context.
99
How should the results of the test be presented to the client?
In an organized manner and in layman’s terms
## Footnote
This includes explaining the interrelationship of multiple tests if more than one was used.
100
What should the counselor help the client integrate with the test results?
Other factors affecting the client's situation
## Footnote
Encouraging the client to express reactions and emotions is also important.
101
What reassurance should the counselor provide concerning test scores?
Test scores are just tools for decision making and not infallible limits
## Footnote
This helps alleviate anxiety about the results.
102
What is the Full Scale IQ (FSIQ) based on in the WAIS-IV?
Combined scores for the 10 VCI, PRI, WMI, and PSI subtests
## Footnote
FSIQ reflects overall cognitive ability.
103
What age group is the WAIS-IV intended for?
Adults ages 16-90
## Footnote
This test is designed for individual administration.
104
What are the four main index scores of the WAIS-IV?
* Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI)
* Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI)
* Working Memory Index (WMI)
* Processing Speed Index (PSI)
## Footnote
These indices reflect different cognitive abilities.
105
What are the ten core subtests of the WAIS-IV?
* VCI: Similarities
* VCI: Vocabulary
* VCI: Information
* PRI: Block Design
* PRI: Matrix Reasoning
* PRI: Visual Puzzles
* WMI: Digit Span
* WMI: Arithmetic
* PSI: Symbol Search
* PSI: Coding
## Footnote
These subtests assess various aspects of intelligence.
106
What is the WISC-V designed for?
Children between the ages of 6 and 17
## Footnote
It is based on neurocognitive models of information processing.
107
What age range does the WPPSI-IV cater to?
Children between the ages of 2.5 and 7.25
## Footnote
It assesses verbal comprehension and perceptual organization.
108
What types of tests are included in the selection category?
* Graduate Record Exam (GRE)
* Law School Admissions Tests (LSAT)
* Vocational preference tests
* Personality tests
## Footnote
These tests are used in educational and occupational counseling.
109
What are placement tests used for?
To determine where a client belongs in a program
## Footnote
Colleges often use these tests to assign students to appropriate classes.
110
What do diagnostic tests evaluate?
Human performance levels and incorporate DSM diagnostic labels
## Footnote
This helps determine remediation programs for clients.
111
Describe the Denver II test.
Screens for developmental delays by observing performance in four domains: * Personal-social * Fine motor adaptive * Language * Gross motor
## Footnote
It assesses children aged 2 or younger.
112
What does the Bayley Scales of Infant Development assess?
Development of children 1 to 42 months on mental, motor, and behavior rating scales
## Footnote
It helps identify developmental progress.
113
What is the purpose of the Fagan Test of Intelligence?
To gauge the information processing speed of an infant
## Footnote
It predicts childhood IQ by observing reaction times to novel stimuli.
114
What are the three core areas measured by the Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement (KTEA-3)?
* Reading
* Math
* Written Language
## Footnote
It is used for children in grades 1 through 12.
115
What model is the Cognitive Assessment System (CAS2) based on?
The PASS model (planning, attention, simultaneous processing, sequential processing)
## Footnote
It is suitable for children aged 5 to 18.
116
What does the Slosson test measure?
Estimates intelligence to identify children at risk of educational failure
## Footnote
It is designed for quick assessment.
117
What does performance-based assessment evaluate?
Students on their execution of a task or creation of a product
## Footnote
It aims to be culture-fair.
118
What is the SAT designed to measure?
Verbal and mathematical reasoning skills
## Footnote
It predicts college success for high school students.
119
What type of intelligence does the Leiter International Performance Scale assess?
Cognitive abilities for ages 2 to 21 without requiring verbal instructions
## Footnote
It is useful for those with language problems.
120
What are the four common strategies for structured personality tests?
* Logical content method
* Theoretical method
* Empirical criterion keying
* Factor analysis
## Footnote
These methods help in the evaluation of personality traits.
121
What is the purpose of group intelligence tests?
Administered by organizations to measure intelligence in groups
## Footnote
Examples include the Kuhlman-Anderson Test and the Wonderlic Personnel Test.
122
What do the validity scales of the MMPI-2 measure?
Examinee's attitude towards the test and response consistency
## Footnote
Includes measures for inconsistent responses and exaggerated symptoms.
123
What is the purpose of multiple aptitude test batteries?
To measure ability in different areas for career counseling
## Footnote
They may lack adequate differential validity.
124
What is the Rorschach Inkblot Test?
A projective personality test using inkblots to elicit responses
## Footnote
It provides insight into personality and underlying conflicts.
125
What do projective personality tests assume?
They assume that unstructured and ambiguous stimuli can elicit meaningful responses about personality and underlying conflicts.
126
What is the most famous projective test?
The Rorschach Inkblot Test.
127
What are the five dimensions used to score the Rorschach test?
* Location
* Determinants
* Form quality
* Content
* Frequency of occurrence
128
Is the use of the Rorschach in clinical work considered reliable?
Its use in clinical work is dubious.
129
What does the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) require the examinee to do?
Make up a story based on a random presentation of picture cards.
130
What does the MMPI-2 convert raw scores into?
T-scores with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10.
131
What score on the MMPI-2 is considered clinically significant?
A score above 65.
132
What is the most common use of the MMPI-2?
Assessment of personality and behavior through profile analysis.
133
How is the profile code on the MMPI-2 typically represented?
By the two highest scores on the various subtests.
134
What is the purpose of the validity scales in the MMPI-2?
To ensure that the profile is the result of an honest attempt at the test.
135
What does the standardization sample of the MMPI-2 approximate?
The 1980 US census in age, gender, race, and social class.
136
What is a criticism of the MMPI-2 standardization sample?
It has a disproportionate number of college graduates.
137
What does EMG stand for and what is its purpose?
Electromyogram; used in biofeedback training to measure muscle tension.
138
What does EEG stand for and what does it measure?
Electroencephalogram; measures brain waves.
139
What is a temperature trainer?
A biofeedback-training thermometer that is very expensive and extremely accurate.
140
What does EKG stand for and what information does it provide?
Electrocardiogram; provides information about how the heart is beating.
141
Define aversive conditioning.
The application of an unpleasant stimulus to reduce or eliminate an unwanted behavior.
142
Define systematic desensitization.
A behavioral therapy to help overcome anxiety and phobias using relaxation techniques in a hierarchy of fears.
