CD, PCOEP, & RPE Flashcards
(224 cards)
1
Q
How has the number of women in the U.S. workforce changed in recent years?
A
The number of women working full time has doubled and almost 50% of the labor force is now female.
2
Q
What is the average wage difference between men and women in the workforce?
A
Women earn about 10% less than male wages.
3
Q
What percentage of wages do Hispanic-American and African-American women earn compared to their male counterparts?
A
Hispanic-American women earn 48% and African-American women earn 58%.
4
Q
What are some social issues that have arisen from the increased number of women in the workforce?
A
Health insurance, maternity leave, and childcare concerns.
5
Q
Who is credited with starting the first systematic school guidance program?
A
Jessie B. Davis.
6
Q
What significant event in career development occurred in 1908?
A
Frank Parsons established the Boston Vocational Bureau.
7
Q
What does TWA stand for in career counseling?
A
Theory of Work Adjustment.
8
Q
What is the definition of PEC in career counseling?
A
Person Environment Correspondence.
9
Q
What does SCCT stand for?
A
Social-Cognitive Career Theory.
10
Q
What is the difference between undecided and indecisive?
A
Undecided refers to needing more information, while indecisive refers to trouble reaching a decision even with full information.
11
Q
What is compensatory leisure theory?
A
Leisure is compensation for job boredom or job excitement.
12
Q
What is the focus of career guidance?
A
Helps a person develop skills for decision-making and acquire information about career opportunities.
13
Q
What is career education?
A
Programs that add career education to curricula from kindergarten through high school.
14
Q
What does retirement counseling help individuals prepare for?
A
Retirement expectations including financial, social, and health issues.
15
Q
Define ‘displaced homemaker’.
A
A woman reentering the workforce after raising a family.
16
Q
What is the definition of a dislocated worker?
A
A person unemployed due to job elimination or company relocation.
17
Q
What is the definition of lifestyle in career development?
A
The overall pattern of a person’s life including career, home life, and interests.
18
Q
What is expressed interest?
A
An interest that a person openly states.
19
Q
What does the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) require?
A
Companies to provide up to twelve weeks of unpaid leave for childbirth or family illness.
20
Q
What is the glass ceiling?
A
The highest level in an organization that a woman or minority is allowed to reach.
21
Q
What is the definition of outsourcing?
A
Shifting activities to an outside agency or moving operations to a non-U.S. location.
22
Q
Describe the career counseling process.
A
Establish rapport, assess needs, provide information, help the client make a decision.
23
Q
What does underemployment mean?
A
An employee whose education and/or experience exceed the requirements for the position.
24
Q
What are lifting requirement work classifications?
A
Categories based on the maximum lifting ability required for a job.
25
What is occupational sex segregation?
Occupations commonly thought of as female jobs often have less pay and lower status.
26
What is the focus of Savickas’s view of career counseling?
Helps clients make sense of their lives and occupations through a narrative method.
27
List the five steps in Gelatt's decision-making method.
* Recognize that a decision is needed
* Collect information
* Examine the probability of outcomes
* Remember your value system
* Make a decision.
28
What are the five types of assessment tools in career counseling?
* Aptitude
* Achievement
* Interest
* Personality
* Values.
29
What is Super's Archway Model?
Illustrates the changing diversity of life roles over a person's lifespan.
30
What are the stages of Super's vocational development?
* Growth
* Exploratory
* Establishment
* Maintenance
* Decline.
31
What does the life career rainbow represent?
A graphic illustration of life roles and the balance of work and life.
32
What are the stages of career development according to Super?
1. Growth: 0-14 years, 2. Exploration: 15-24 years, 3. Establishment: 25-44 years, 4. Maintenance: 45-64 years, 5. Decline: 65+ years
## Footnote
These stages describe the progression and focus of career development throughout a person's life.
33
What are the vocational development tasks identified by Super?
1. Crystallization: 14-18 years, 2. Specification: 18-21 years, 3. Implementation: 21-24 years, 4. Stabilization: 24-35 years, 5. Consolidation: 35+ years
## Footnote
These tasks outline the steps taken to develop and achieve occupational goals.
34
List John Holland’s modal personality types.
1. Realistic, 2. Investigative, 3. Artistic, 4. Social, 5. Enterprising, 6. Conventional
## Footnote
Holland's theory connects personality types with suitable career choices.
35
What is the Self-Directed Search (SDS)?
An assessment tool developed by John Holland that matches interests and personality types to careers
## Footnote
The SDS categorizes people into six personality types and helps identify suitable career paths.
36
What does Holland’s hexagon illustrate?
The correlation between six personality types and six occupational environments
## Footnote
The hexagon shows how closely related different personality types are to each other.
37
Describe the circumscription and compromise theory of career development.
Developed by Linda Gottfredson, it explains how vocational choice develops through narrowing options and discarding inappropriate choices in four stages: 1. Orientation to size and power, 2. Orientation to sex roles, 3. Orientation to social valuation, 4. Orientation to internal unique self
## Footnote
This theory emphasizes the developmental process of career choice in children and teenagers.
38
What are the four factors identified in Krumboltz’s Learning Theory of Career Counseling?
1. Genetic endowments and special abilities, 2. Environmental conditions and events, 3. Instrumental and associative learning, 4. Task approach skills
## Footnote
These factors influence career-related decision-making and are important in career counseling.
39
What are the three periods of occupational choice according to Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad, and Herma?
1. Fantasy (up to age 11), 2. Tentative (ages 11-17), 3. Realistic (17 to young adulthood)
## Footnote
The realistic period includes exploration, crystallization, and specification stages.
40
What are the eight occupational fields identified by Anne Roe?
1. Service, 2. Business contact, 3. Organization or managerial, 4. Technology, 5. Outdoor, 6. Science, 7. General cultural, 8. Arts and entertainment
## Footnote
Roe's theory emphasizes the influence of childhood experiences and parenting on career choices.
41
Explain Tiedeman and Miller-Tiedeman’s decision-making model.
Career development is seen as parallel to Erikson’s psychosocial stages, with two phases: 1. Anticipation/preoccupation, 2. Implementation/adjustment
## Footnote
This model emphasizes the individual's role in making career decisions.
42
What are the five steps in the Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) career development theory?
1. Communication, 2. Analysis, 3. Synthesis, 4. Valuing, 5. Execution
## Footnote
The CIP theory focuses on a structured approach to solving career problems.
43
What is the main idea of constructivism in career development?
Each person builds his or her own reality, with counselors helping clients understand their life stories and roles
## Footnote
This approach emphasizes personal meaning and values in career choices.
44
Describe the sociological model of career development.
Career choices are influenced by sociological factors such as ethnicity, cultural background, and knowledge about occupations
## Footnote
This model highlights the situational aspects of career decision-making.
45
What are the limitations of classic career theories?
Many theories are based on studies of young, middle-class white males and do not fully address the experiences of women or people of color
## Footnote
This limitation has led to a demand for new theories that reflect the changing workforce.
46
What is the World-of-Work Map?
A graphic illustration of how occupations relate via primary tasks, developed by ACT
## Footnote
The map categorizes occupations according to John Holland’s types and is useful for both counselors and students.
47
What are the six occupational types according to John Holland?
* Administration & Sales
* Business Operations
* Technical
* Science & Technology
* Arts
* Social Service
## Footnote
The occupational types are used to classify careers in the ACT occupational map.
48
What should a counselor assess during the intake interview for clients with disabilities?
* Presence of a disability
* Extent of limitation on career choice
* Self-concept
* Adjustment to disability
* Social skills
* Coping with daily life
* Past employment
## Footnote
Counselors should also be knowledgeable about the Americans with Disabilities Act and local laws.
49
What factors should be addressed for adults in career transition?
* Obsolete skills and knowledge
* Physical and family limitations
* Lifestyle expectations and changes
* Approaching retirement
## Footnote
These factors are critical for mature adults or those changing careers.
50
What issues may arise in dual-career/dual-earner couples?
* Inequity of wages
* Sex-role stereotypes
* Home maintenance and child care responsibilities
* Handling money
* Career advancement conflicts
## Footnote
Conflicts can occur if one partner advances faster or requires relocation.
51
What considerations are important when counseling LGBT clients?
* Self-concept related to sexual identification
* Client's preference to be 'out' at work
* Handling discrimination
* Awareness of client’s sexual orientation
## Footnote
Counselors must manage personal biases to work effectively with LGBT clients.
52
What resources are available on the Internet for career development?
* Educational resources
* Financial aid information
* Government and military information
* Job listings
* Help with resumes and interview skills
## Footnote
Counselors should be familiar with sites like the US Department of Education and Monster.com.
53
What is the purpose of computer-assisted career guidance systems?
* Determine interests, skills, and values
* Provide guidance through activities
* Offer career and educational information
## Footnote
Examples include SIGI Plus and Discover.
54
What is the Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT)?
A book published in 1938 containing descriptions of 12,000 occupations and over 28,000 job titles.
## Footnote
DOT was later rendered obsolete by O*Net.
55
What is O*Net?
The Occupational Information Network created in 1998, providing a comprehensive database of occupational information.
## Footnote
O*Net absorbed data from DOT and is now America's primary source of employment information.
56
What is the Occupational Outlook Handbook (OOH)?
A compilation of data concerning employment trends, salaries, and required training published every other year by the U.S. Department of Labor.
## Footnote
The OOH provides insights into employment trends.
57
What does the Workforce Investment Act of 1998 establish?
A 'one-stop' delivery system for workforce investment and educational services.
## Footnote
It incorporates several programs, including Job Corps and Adult Literacy Programs.
58
What is the hidden job market?
Employment opportunities not advertised, typically filled through networking.
## Footnote
Approximately 80% of jobs fall within the hidden job market.
59
Fill in the blank: The Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) compiles data on _______.
[occupations, skills and abilities, work environments, salaries]
## Footnote
The GOE is divided into areas of interest.
60
What is qualitative research?
In-depth investigation of a subject, often a group of people, using methods like observation and case studies.
## Footnote
Includes ethnographic research and can be interactive or non-interactive.
61
What are the two types of research?
Deductive and inductive research.
## Footnote
Deductive research tests theories, while inductive research develops theories from data.
62
What is experimental quantitative research?
Research that discovers cause and effect relationships between variables with control factors and random variables eliminated.
## Footnote
Example: A foreign-language class with one group receiving only lessons and another watching a film with subtitles.
63
What is quasi-experimental research?
Research similar to experimental but may not use a control group, leading to less clear results.
64
What are the types of non-experimental quantitative research?
* Surveys
* Descriptive
* Comparative
* Correlational
* Ex post facto
65
Define meta-analysis.
Answering a research question through comparison of results from multiple studies.
66
What is sample size?
The number of samples included in a study.
67
What is a table of random numbers?
A list of random numbers used to randomly select study participants.
68
What is a Likert scale?
A rating scale measuring attitudes or opinions through agreement or disagreement with statements.
69
What is a scatterplot?
A graphic illustrating the relationship between two variables using horizontal and vertical lines.
70
Define parsimony in research.
Interpreting study results in the simplest manner; also known as Occam’s Razor.
71
What is a parameter?
A value representing a characteristic of the population.
72
Define statistic.
A value calculated from a data sample.
73
What is probability in research?
The quantitative description of the likelihood of a particular event occurring.
74
What does correlation measure?
The relationship between variables.
75
What is SPSS?
A software package used for statistical analysis.
76
What is a cross-sectional study?
A study of the characteristics of multiple groups.
77
What does degrees of freedom refer to?
The number of observations that can be made after the minimum required for the study.
78
What is the double-blind technique?
Neither subjects nor researchers know at least one variable in the study.
79
Define homoscedasticity.
Statistical variances are assumed to be equal.
80
What is heteroscedasticity?
Unequal variance of the data.
81
What is a semantic differential?
A method for measuring reactions to words or concepts using a bipolar scale.
82
What is the Solomon four-group design?
A study to determine if a pretest affects subjects by sensitizing them before research.
83
What is multiple regression?
A procedure using correlation coefficients to study relationships between multiple independent and one dependent variable.
84
What is factor analysis?
Examining relationships among variables to determine the simplest explanation.
85
What does biserial correlation measure?
The relationship between one variable with multiple values and another that is dichotomous.
86
Define internal validity.
The extent to which experiment results can be attributed to the variable under study, controlling for extraneous variables.
87
What are confounding variables?
Variables that can affect the outcome of a study, including subject selection and researcher biases.
88
Define external validity.
The accuracy with which study results can be generalized to a larger population.
89
What factors can threaten external validity?
* Small sample size
* Differing circumstances
* Hawthorne effect
* Rosenthal effect
* Demand characteristics
90
What are the four levels of measurement?
* Nominal
* Ordinal
* Interval
* Ratio
91
What is random sampling?
Choosing subjects for a study entirely by chance to reduce bias.
92
What is stratified sampling?
Dividing the population into subgroups and selecting subjects from each to increase validity.
93
What is proportional stratified sampling?
Selecting subjects from subgroups corresponding to the population percentages.
94
What is cluster sampling?
Dividing the population into clusters and selecting a random sample from those clusters.
95
What is purposeful sampling?
Selecting subjects for in-depth study without deriving generalizations.
96
What is a t-test?
A test comparing the means of two independent data sets to determine statistical differences.
97
What are independent and dependent variables?
Independent variable is changed by the researcher; dependent variable is measured and responds to changes.
98
What is a Type I error?
Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true.
99
What is a Type II error?
Not rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually false.
100
What is factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA)?
Used to study two or more variables, commonly in a 2X2 design.
101
What is one-way analysis of variance?
A test for differences involving three or more independent groups.
102
Define multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).
Used in studies involving several dependent variables and at least two independent variables.
103
What is analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)?
Used when dependent variables are controlled in a study.
104
What is a null hypothesis?
Assumes no difference or association between variables.
105
What is a directional hypothesis?
Predicts how the independent variable will affect the dependent variable.
106
What is a non-directional hypothesis?
Predicts an effect without stating how the dependent variable will be affected.
107
What does the significance level indicate?
The probability of making a Type I error in hypothesis testing.
108
What are post hoc tests?
Multiple comparison tests done after determining similar F values in data sets.
109
What are nonparametric tests?
Validation tests used when study values are not normally distributed.
110
What is chi-square used for?
Analyzing the relationship between categorical variables.
111
What is bivariate tabular analysis?
Analyzing the relationship between two variables using a table format.
112
What is the Mann-Whitney U Test used for?
It is appropriate for comparing two independent samples that have significantly differing means.
113
When is the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test useful?
It is useful in situations where each individual has two or more scores or two data sets have the same values.
114
What is the Kruskal-Wallis Test?
A nonparametric one-way analysis of variance used when there are multiple values for a single variable or factor.
115
What does the chi-square test determine?
It determines if there are significant differences in the distribution of two data sets.
116
What is the purpose of bivariate tabular analysis?
It graphically illustrates the relationship or non-relationship of two variables using an X/Y graph.
117
In bivariate tabular analysis, what does the vertical axis represent?
The independent variable.
118
In bivariate tabular analysis, what does the horizontal axis represent?
The dependent variable.
119
What does ERIC stand for?
Educational Resources Information Center.
120
What is the primary function of ERIC?
To provide access to educational research and information, including bibliographic records and full-text materials.
121
What type of evaluations are used to determine program effectiveness in counseling?
Formative evaluation and summative evaluation.
122
What is formative evaluation?
It analyzes the effectiveness of a treatment, process, or technique.
123
What is summative evaluation?
It measures how well a program meets its goals.
124
What is accountability in counseling primarily concerned with?
The effectiveness of treatment and justification of cost.
125
What are primary ethical issues in research?
Informed consent, confidentiality, credit, and truthfulness in reporting.
126
Why is informed consent important in research?
Subjects need to be aware they are participating and informed about the research and risks involved.
127
What must be held in strict confidence during research?
Personal information of research subjects.
128
What style manual is commonly used for research reports in counseling and psychology?
The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association.
129
What should research reports be free of?
Sexist, racist, and any other inappropriate language.
130
When submitting a report for publication, how many journals should it be submitted to at once?
Only one journal at a time.
131
What counseling approaches were developed in the 1960s?
Behavioral, Gestalt, rational emotive, and reality approaches
## Footnote
These approaches marked significant developments in the field of counseling.
132
What significant publication was released in 1962?
Wrenn’s The Counselor in a Changing World
## Footnote
This book contributed to the evolution of counseling practices.
133
Which state was the first to pass a law licensing marriage, family, and child counselors?
California
## Footnote
This law was an important step in formalizing counseling as a profession.
134
What year did Virginia pass the first law to license general practice counselors?
1976
## Footnote
This marked a significant regulatory development in the counseling field.
135
What organization was established in 1981 for counseling program accreditation?
The Council for the Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP)
## Footnote
CACREP plays a crucial role in maintaining educational standards in counseling.
136
In what year did the APGA become the American Association for Counseling and Development?
1983
## Footnote
This name change reflected the evolving focus of the organization.
137
When did the AACD become the American Counseling Association?
1992
## Footnote
This change indicated a broader representation of the counseling profession.
138
What trends emerged in counseling during the 2000s?
Focus on safety, prevention, early identification, and treatment of traumatic stress experiences and disorders
## Footnote
These trends were influenced by societal issues such as school shootings and terrorism.
139
Who were the first American counselors after the Civil War?
Deans and advisors responsible for female college students
## Footnote
These early counselors laid the groundwork for professional counseling.
140
What was established in 1879 that is significant to psychology?
First psychological laboratory by Wilhelm Wundt
## Footnote
This laboratory is often considered the birthplace of modern psychology.
141
Who began psychoanalysis treatments in 1890?
Freud
## Footnote
Freud's work had a profound impact on the field of counseling and psychotherapy.
142
What did Jesse Davis do in 1898?
Started work as a counselor in a high school in Detroit
## Footnote
This marked one of the early instances of school counseling.
143
What significant publication did Frank Parson release in 1909?
Choosing a Vocation
## Footnote
This work established the trait-factor approach in guidance.
144
What was the first professional counseling association established?
The National Vocational Guidance Association in 1913
## Footnote
This association was crucial for the professionalization of counseling.
145
What act was passed in 1917 that established federal funding for guidance and vocational education?
The Smith-Hughes Act
## Footnote
This act was foundational for the development of vocational counseling.
146
What year did the Workbook in Vocations change the terminology from 'guidance' to 'counseling'?
1931
## Footnote
This shift in terminology reflected a broader understanding of the counseling profession.
147
Who published 'How to Counsel Students' in 1939?
Williamson
## Footnote
This publication modified Parson’s trait-factor approach.
148
What major expansion occurred in counseling services after 1945?
Expansion by the Veteran’s Administration
## Footnote
This expansion was significant in providing support for returning veterans.
149
Define accreditation in the counseling profession.
Recognition that an educational program meets established criteria and standards
## Footnote
Accreditation ensures the quality of counseling education.
150
What is the role of CACREP?
Accrediting agency for counseling programs offering master's and doctoral degrees
## Footnote
CACREP plays a critical role in maintaining educational standards in counseling.
151
List some other agencies that accredit counseling programs.
* Council on Rehabilitation Education
* American Association for Marriage and Family Therapists
* American Psychological Association
## Footnote
These agencies contribute to the accreditation landscape in counseling.
152
What are some current trends in counseling?
* Personal growth
* Mental health
* Career development
* Wellness
* Social and interpersonal relationships
* Pathological psychology
## Footnote
These trends reflect the diverse focus areas within the counseling profession.
153
What impact does technology have on counseling?
Changes how counseling is delivered, including the rise of Internet and computer-assisted counseling (CAC)
## Footnote
The influence of technology raises questions about the effectiveness and ethics of counseling practices.
154
What is the National Credentials Registry?
Established in 2005 to promote portability for licensed counselors
## Footnote
This registry aims to facilitate the movement of licensed counselors across state lines.
155
What does the National Certified Counselor (NCC) designation signify?
Counselors have met qualifications set by the National Board of Certified Counselors (NBCC)
## Footnote
The NCC designation indicates a high level of professional competence.
156
What are the requirements for obtaining the NCC designation?
* Advanced degree in counseling
* Coursework in eight content areas
* 3,000 hours of supervised experience
* Passing score on the National Counselor Examination
## Footnote
These requirements ensure that NCC holders are well-trained professionals.
157
What is required for maintaining NCC certification?
200 clock hours of continuing education every five years
## Footnote
This requirement ensures counselors remain current in their knowledge and skills.
158
What do state licensure laws require?
* Master's degree in counseling
* Coursework in eight content areas
* Student field experience
* Post-degree supervised experience
* Passing score on a state exam
## Footnote
These requirements vary by state and are essential for legal practice as a counselor.
159
What does morphostasis refer to?
An adaptability skill a family may use in balancing stability
## Footnote
This concept is important in understanding family dynamics.
160
Define morphogenesis.
An adaptability skill a family may use in handling change
## Footnote
This skill is crucial for families facing transitions.
161
What are aspirational ethics?
Ideal practices
## Footnote
These ethics guide counselors toward the highest standards of professional conduct.
162
What does quid pro quo mean in counseling?
An exchange in which each person does something for the other; an unethical practice in counseling
## Footnote
This concept highlights the importance of maintaining ethical boundaries.
163
What is a paradox in counseling?
Prescribing the problem with an exaggeration or twist; should not be used with harmful addictive behaviors
## Footnote
This technique can be useful but requires caution.
164
Define differentiation in the context of family counseling.
The ability of each family member to maintain his or her own sense of self
## Footnote
Differentiation is key to healthy family relationships.
165
List some ethical standards of practice in counseling.
* Adhere to a code of professional ethics
* Obtain informed consent before treatment
* Maintain confidentiality
* Avoid sexual relationships with clients
* Continue education
* Primary responsibility to the client
## Footnote
These standards are essential for ethical practice in counseling.
166
What is a key ethical issue in group counseling?
Maintaining confidentiality among group members
## Footnote
Confidentiality is crucial to ensure trust and safety in group settings.
167
What ethical issues may a mental health provider face?
Upholding ethical standards while considering the best benefit to the client
## Footnote
Counselors often face dilemmas that challenge their ethical beliefs.
168
Summarize the updates to the ACA 2014 Code of Ethics.
* Informed consent and professional boundaries
* Confidentiality and privacy
* Professional responsibilities
* Relationships with other professionals
* Assessment and evaluation guidelines
* Supervision and training responsibilities
* Research and publication guidelines
* Distance counseling and technology considerations
* Reporting violations
## Footnote
These updates reflect the evolving nature of counseling ethics.
169
What is a crucial ethical issue in family counseling?
Determining whether the family as a whole or an individual member is the client
## Footnote
This distinction affects how the counselor approaches various issues.
170
What are the provisions of informed consent in the ACA Code of Ethics?
* Clear and understandable language
* Inclusion of clients in discussions
* Consent for assessments and research
* Information on risks of distance counseling
## Footnote
These provisions ensure that clients are well-informed and empowered in the counseling process.
171
What are some principles of ethical decision-making in counseling?
* Beneficence
* Not causing harm
* Respect for freedom of choice
* Fairness
* Honoring commitments
## Footnote
These principles guide counselors in making ethical choices.
172
What is the purpose of the ACA Code of Ethics?
To establish principles of ethical practice in counseling
## Footnote
The ACA Code serves as a guideline for counselors to follow in their professional conduct.
173
What are the general principles underlying ethical decisions made by counselors?
The principles include:
* Benevolence
* Not causing harm
* Respect for freedom of choice and self-determination
* Fairness
* Honoring commitments
## Footnote
These principles guide counselors in making ethical choices in their practice.
174
What is the purpose of the ACA Code of Ethics?
The ACA Code of Ethics establishes principles of ethical behavior that all ACA members must adhere to.
## Footnote
It serves as a guideline for ethical practice in counseling.
175
Describe Section B of The ACA Code of Ethics.
Section B: Confidentiality and Privacy covers:
* Handling of client information
* Trust issues
* Circumstances for disclosing confidential information
* Group work confidentiality
* Storage and disposal of records
* Prior consent for recording sessions
* Disguising client identity in training, research, or publication
* Culturally sensitive information handling
## Footnote
This section emphasizes the importance of confidentiality in counseling relationships.
176
What does Section A of The ACA Code of Ethics entail?
Section A: The Counseling Relationship requires:
* Respect for client dignity
* Promotion of client welfare
* Informed consent
* Communication of client rights and responsibilities
* Prohibition of sexual contact with clients
* Ethical use of technology
## Footnote
It outlines the counselor's responsibilities towards clients.
177
What key concepts are covered in Section D of The ACA Code of Ethics?
Section D: Relationships with Other Professionals emphasizes:
* Respect for different treatment approaches
* Good working relationships with colleagues
* Working with interdisciplinary teams
* Reporting inappropriate practices
* Consultation services
## Footnote
This section encourages collaboration among professionals for enhanced client services.
178
What does Section C of The ACA Code of Ethics address?
Section C: Professional Responsibility includes:
* Practicing within competence levels
* Continuing education
* Avoiding harm to clients
* Truthful representation of credentials
* Prohibition of client recruitment through other employment
* Ethical treatment of clients
## Footnote
This section sets professional standards for counselors.
179
Describe the focus of Section F of The ACA Code of Ethics.
Section F: Supervision, Training and Teaching covers:
* Supervisor responsibilities
* Competence and diversity in supervision
* Relationships between supervisors and supervisees
* Counselor educator responsibilities
* Student welfare and evaluation
## Footnote
This section outlines the ethical obligations in training future counselors.
180
What is the purpose of Section E of The ACA Code of Ethics?
Section E: Evaluation, Assessment and Interpretation addresses:
* Appropriate assessment methods
* Informed consent for assessment
* Release of assessment data
* Cultural considerations in diagnosis
* Forensic evaluation
## Footnote
This section ensures ethical assessment practices.
181
What does Section H of The ACA Code of Ethics discuss?
Section H: Resolving Ethical Issues emphasizes:
* Commitment to high ethical standards
* Resolving conflicts between ethical standards and law
* Reporting ethical violations
* Cooperation with ethics committees
## Footnote
This section guides counselors in navigating ethical dilemmas.
182
What is the focus of Section G of The ACA Code of Ethics?
Section G: Research and Publication encourages:
* Contribution to the profession’s knowledge base
* Safeguards for research participants
* Rights of participants
* Publication guidelines
## Footnote
This section sets ethical standards for conducting research.
183
Define confidentiality in counseling.
Confidentiality is an ethical issue requiring counselors not to discuss or acknowledge a client with anyone outside the agency.
## Footnote
It is essential for building trust in the counselor-client relationship.
184
Define privileged communication.
Privileged communication is a legal issue that prohibits revealing communications between counselors and clients in court.
## Footnote
Certain exceptions may require or permit the waiver of this privilege.
185
What is the Tarasoff Case and its significance?
The Tarasoff Case established that counselors must warn intended victims if a client poses a danger, even if it violates confidentiality.
## Footnote
This case emphasizes the duty to protect clients from harm.
186
What is a statement of disclosure?
A statement of disclosure is a legal document given to clients before counseling that includes:
* Counselor’s credentials
* Office hours
* Billing information
* Privacy policy
* Emergency and grievance procedures
## Footnote
It ensures clients are informed about the counseling process.
187
What is a release of information?
A release of information is a document that allows clients to permit counselors to share confidential information with others.
## Footnote
It specifies what information can be shared and with whom.
188
What is Title IX?
Title IX is a federal law that bans sexual discrimination in educational institutions receiving federal funding.
## Footnote
It applies to all academic and non-academic activities.
189
List legal aspects of counseling.
Legal aspects include:
* Reporting suspected child abuse
* Avoiding fraudulent insurance claims
* Prohibiting sexual contact with clients
* Access to child records by parents
* Privileged communication laws
## Footnote
These laws often overlap with ethical principles.
190
Define defamation.
Defamation is an attack on a person’s reputation through slander or libel.
## Footnote
Slander refers to untrue verbal statements, while libel refers to untrue written statements.
191
What is contempt of court?
Contempt of court is disrespect or disobedience to the authority of a court.
## Footnote
Counselors may be charged with contempt for refusing to testify.
192
What does CRC stand for?
CRC stands for Certified Rehabilitation Counselor.
## Footnote
It requires a master's degree in rehabilitation counseling and passing a certification exam.
193
What does MAC stand for?
MAC stands for Master Addictions Counselor.
## Footnote
It is a specialty certification by the National Board for Certified Counselors.
194
What is a registry in counseling?
A registry is a list of service providers that allows some counselors to use the title 'registered professional counselor.'
## Footnote
It varies by state regulations.
195
Define abandonment in counseling.
Abandonment occurs when a counselor closes a practice or is unavailable without notifying clients.
## Footnote
This can lead to negative outcomes for clients.
196
What is third party payment?
Third party payment refers to insurance or employer payment of the counselor’s charges.
## Footnote
It is common in agency settings.
197
What is managed health care?
Managed health care is a system that controls health care delivery and payment for members.
## Footnote
Members must choose providers from lists supplied by their organizations.
198
What is HIPAA?
HIPAA stands for Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, which sets privacy standards for client information.
## Footnote
It regulates the transfer of client information.
199
What is EAP?
EAP stands for Employee Assistance Programs, which help employees deal with personal problems through counseling.
## Footnote
These may include in-house counselors or referrals.
200
What does ICD stand for?
ICD stands for International Classification of Diseases.
## Footnote
It is used for coding client diagnoses for insurance purposes.
201
What is PL94-142?
PL94-142 is the Education Act for All Handicapped Children, mandating free education for disabled children.
## Footnote
It requires an Individualized Education Plan (IEP) for each child.
202
What is the 1958 National Defense Education Act?
The 1958 National Defense Education Act provided student loans in science and technology, including fields like counseling.
## Footnote
It was passed in response to the launch of Sputnik.
203
Define professional liability.
Professional liability is the counselor's responsibility to provide services meeting professional standards.
## Footnote
It ensures that clients receive competent care.
204
What is malpractice?
Malpractice is when a counselor fails to provide proper services, resulting in harm to the client.
## Footnote
Clients may sue for malpractice if specific conditions are met.
205
What are counselor agency policies?
Counselor agency policies are rules and regulations guiding employee behavior and decision-making.
## Footnote
They cover areas like confidentiality, safety, and conflict resolution.
206
Describe Public Law 93-380.
Public Law 93-380, known as the Buckley Amendment, ensures confidentiality of school information.
## Footnote
It restricts information release without student consent.
207
What should be included in a safety plan for clients?
Elements of a safety plan include:
* Warning signs
* Coping strategies
* Emergency contacts
* Steps to take during a crisis
## Footnote
This plan helps clients manage suicidal ideation.
208
What is the purpose of developing a safety plan with a client?
To provide a step-by-step procedure for the client to follow during suicidal ideation or self-harm.
## Footnote
A safety plan includes elements like warning signs, coping strategies, support systems, professional help, safe environment, and emergency resources.
209
What should be included in the warning signs of a safety plan?
Feelings, situations, and actions indicating increased risk of suicide or self-harm.
## Footnote
Clients should identify specific triggers that heighten their risk.
210
What are coping strategies in a safety plan?
Personal strategies to alter thinking patterns.
## Footnote
These strategies help the client manage negative thoughts and feelings.
211
What is the role of a support system in a safety plan?
To provide contacts for socializing or assistance when personal coping strategies are insufficient.
## Footnote
This includes friends or family members who can offer help.
212
List the elements of a safety plan.
* Warning signs
* Coping strategies
* Support system
* Professional help
* Safe environment
* Emergency resources
## Footnote
Each element contributes to a comprehensive approach to managing suicidal thoughts.
213
What are the uses of social media in counseling?
Networking, professional sites, blogs, and maintaining a professional website.
## Footnote
Counselors must comply with HIPAA regulations and ensure confidentiality.
214
What should a counselor's social media policy include?
Guidelines for personal use and restrictions to prevent client access to sensitive information.
## Footnote
It should also cover compliance with state licensing board regulations.
215
What are the professional standards of practice for counselors?
* Familiarity with state laws and ACA Code of Ethics
* Use of diagnostic systems
* Justification of methods and techniques
* Competence in practice
* Accurate representation of credentials
* Termination of services when no longer helpful
## Footnote
Adhering to these standards is crucial for ethical practice.
216
What is systemic change in counseling?
Change that affects an entire system and its fundamental processes.
## Footnote
It can be vertical (hierarchical) or horizontal (group-focused).
217
Describe vertical processes in systemic change.
A hierarchical approach focusing on power structures to influence policy change.
## Footnote
Examples include lobbying for changes in reimbursement procedures.
218
What tasks does a counselor perform as a consultant?
* Gathering information
* Analyzing data
* Conducting workshops
* Participant observation
* Making recommendations
## Footnote
These tasks help in problem-solving and improving situations.
219
List the competencies expected of professional career counselors.
* Knowledge of counseling theories
* Skills in individual and group work
* Assessment techniques
* Knowledge of local resources
* Management and leadership skills
* Coaching ability
* Respect for diversity
* Supervisory skills
* Understanding of ethics
* Research and evaluation skills
* Technology proficiency
## Footnote
These competencies ensure effective counseling practices.
220
What skills are needed to manage a counseling program?
* Planning
* Organizing
* Establishing goals
* Setting standards
* Budget management
* Personnel management
* Marketing
## Footnote
These skills are essential for effective program operation.
221
What are the steps in establishing a counseling program?
* Understand the context
* Assess need and develop mission
* Set goals and objectives
* Establish feedback procedures
* Conduct a pilot program
* Create a development plan
* Create an implementation plan
* Start operations
* Evaluate the program
* Review and modify as needed
## Footnote
Following these steps ensures a structured approach to program development.
222
What is distance counseling/telemental health?
Providing counseling services via technology like webcams, phones, and online chat.
## Footnote
It increases access for clients and can be cost-saving, but confidentiality is crucial.
223
What considerations must be taken for confidentiality in telemental health?
Use HIPAA-secured software and ensure informed consent and emergency contact identification.
## Footnote
Counselors should also have technical knowledge for troubleshooting.
224
When should a counselor seek supervision or consultation?
* To advance knowledge
* Concerns about client relationships
* Personal safety issues
* Overwhelmed by client interactions
* Need for expertise outside their own
## Footnote
Seeking supervision helps maintain ethical practices and client welfare.
