Counseling and helping Relationships Flashcards
(178 cards)
1
Q
What is self-disclosure?
A
Self-disclosure occurs when an individual relates information of a personal nature to another individual.
2
Q
What factors increase the likelihood of self-disclosure?
A
The closer two people are to one another.
3
Q
What is the main task of a counselor regarding self-disclosure?
A
To get the client to ‘open up’ and talk about deeper problems and issues.
4
Q
When should a counselor use self-disclosure?
A
With great discretion, ensuring it serves the client’s best interest.
5
Q
Define altruism.
A
Altruism is the unselfish concern for the welfare of others.
6
Q
What is egoistic motivation?
A
The belief that no act is 100% altruistic and individuals act for their own benefit.
7
Q
What is the negative state relief theory of helping?
A
A motivation to help that occurs when an individual feels sad and helps to alleviate that sadness.
8
Q
What is arousal-reduction theory?
A
A theory suggesting individuals help to reduce uncomfortable feelings, such as a stomach ache.
9
Q
What are the barriers to achieving intimacy?
A
- Fear of self-disclosure
- Unwillingness to invest time in forming strong bonds.
10
Q
List the five factors that define emotions.
A
- They are encounters, not actions
- They have valence (positive or negative)
- They require cognitive evaluation
- They involve bodily responses
- They can vary in intensity.
11
Q
What are Robert Plutchik’s eight basic emotions?
A
- Joy
- Anticipation
- Anger
- Disgust
- Sadness
- Surprise
- Fear
- Acceptance.
12
Q
How does Carl Rogers view the self?
A
He considers self-image more representative of a person’s beliefs about themselves than the self itself.
13
Q
What does Abraham Maslow associate with the concept of self?
A
Self as part of an individual’s desire for self-actualization.
14
Q
What is Freud’s three-part definition of self?
A
Ego, id, and superego.
15
Q
How does Albert Bandura describe the self?
A
As part of a three-part model involving individual, behavior, and environment.
16
Q
What is the role of self-observation in Bandura’s model?
A
Active examination of one’s own thoughts and behaviors.
17
Q
What does Erik Erikson emphasize in his developmental theory?
A
The ego must go through a number of crises to be fully developed.
18
Q
What types of programs are available for mental health treatment?
A
- Inpatient programs
- Outpatient programs
- Partial/day hospitalization programs
- Residential programs.
19
Q
What are the characteristics of inpatient programs?
A
Provide secure environments and comprehensive care, often with various health professionals.
20
Q
What is meta-communication?
A
The nonverbal and tonal clues sent with a message to aid the receiver’s understanding.
21
Q
What elements should a counselor consider when encoding a message?
A
The desired outcome and the consistency of meta-communication with that outcome.
22
Q
What are the common obstacles in sending communication?
A
- Noise and distraction
- Voice or speech difficulties
- Conflicting feelings.
23
Q
What is resistance in the context of message blocking?
A
Awareness of blocking certain responses due to mental or emotional obstacles.
24
Q
What is repression in the context of message blocking?
A
Unawareness of the blocking process.
25
What is the importance of context in Sullivan's view of the self?
The self can never be viewed out of context from outside relationships.
26
What makes transmitting messages accurately difficult?
Conflicting feelings about a message can create translation difficulties
## Footnote
Both sender and receiver must be aware of emotional undertones.
27
What must a client feel to communicate effectively with a counselor?
The session must be a safe environment
## Footnote
This facilitates the client in sending or receiving frightening messages.
28
What should a counselor pay attention to during communication?
The verbal and nonverbal responses of the client
## Footnote
This indicates how much of any uncomfortable messages the client allows to be translated.
29
What is the first axiom of the interactional view of communication?
One cannot not communicate
## Footnote
Even silence sends a message.
30
What does the second axiom of the interactional view state?
Human beings communicate both digitally and analogically
## Footnote
This means symbols (analogs) and words (digital) are used to send information.
31
What is the third axiom in the interactional view of communication?
Communication = content + relationship
## Footnote
Content is what is meant, while relationship is how it is said.
32
What does the fourth axiom of the interactional view refer to?
The nature of the relationship depends on how both parties punctuate the communication sequence
## Footnote
This refers to how feelings are expressed from one interaction to the next.
33
What is the fifth axiom of the interactional view?
All communication is either symmetrical or complementary
## Footnote
Symmetrical communication occurs with equal power, while complementary communication involves unequal power.
34
What factors should a counselor consider when a client is translating a message?
The client must hear and see the counselor clearly
## Footnote
Background noise and physical impairments should be taken into account.
35
What are the three factors that define the component model of communication?
Knowledge, skill, and motivation
## Footnote
These factors are crucial for communication competence.
36
What does the constructivist theory of communication suggest?
Individuals who think better communicate and understand better
## Footnote
It uses a role category questionnaire to assess communication processes.
37
What are the three types of communication according to the constructivist theory?
* Expressive design logic
* Conventional design logic
* Rhetorical design logic
## Footnote
Each represents different levels of thoughtfulness in communication.
38
What are the three basic interpersonal needs in FIRO theory?
* Inclusion
* Control
* Affection
## Footnote
These needs shape interpersonal relationships.
39
What are the three types of couple relationships according to Mary Ann Fitzpatrick?
* Traditionalists
* Independents
* Separates
## Footnote
Each type has distinct communication dynamics.
40
Define restatement in counseling.
Rephrasing what the client has said with emphasis on the cognitive message
## Footnote
It helps clarify the client's thoughts.
41
What is reflection in the context of counseling?
Rephrasing what the client has said with emphasis on the feeling part of the message
## Footnote
It helps the counselor to connect with the client's emotions.
42
What does summarizing entail in counseling?
A concise statement of the main points or ideas discussed in a session
## Footnote
It aids in reinforcing understanding.
43
What does silence indicate in a counseling session?
Silence may mean thinking, boredom, hostility, or waiting for the other person to lead
## Footnote
It can be a powerful tool for reflection.
44
What is the purpose of confrontation in counseling?
Identifying discrepancies and presenting them to the client
## Footnote
It addresses differences in perception.
45
What does structuring involve in counseling?
Defining the nature, limits, and goals of counseling
## Footnote
It also includes clarifying the roles of the client and counselor.
46
Define relational dialectics.
An interpersonal communication model that examines the stresses in close relationships
## Footnote
It includes integration vs separation, stability vs change, and expression vs non-expression.
47
What is feedback in the communication process?
The important final step that lets the sender know what was actually heard
## Footnote
It is usually given in nonverbal responses.
48
How does a counselor use feedback with clients?
To check for correct understanding and ensure clarity in messages
## Footnote
It involves prompting for feedback after sending and receiving messages.
49
What are the important elements of strong communication?
* Active listening
* Choice of time and place
* Adequate self-expression
## Footnote
Each contributes to effective communication.
50
What is the difference between formal and informal feedback?
Formal feedback is written and judgmental, while informal feedback is spoken and non-judgmental
## Footnote
Both types serve different purposes in communication.
51
How can silence support the helping relationship?
Silence conveys understanding and allows clients to fully express thoughts
## Footnote
It must be used carefully to avoid discomfort.
52
What are qualities of good communication in counseling?
* Polite
* Punctual
* Listens well
* Honest
* Keeps promises
## Footnote
These behaviors enhance the counselor-client relationship.
53
What types of questions can a counselor use to deepen the helping relationship?
Questions that draw out more information and clarify feelings
## Footnote
This fosters trust and support.
54
What is the purpose of using questions in counseling?
To draw out more information, clarify feelings, and deepen the relationship
## Footnote
This promotes trust and support.
55
What are open-ended questions?
Questions that require clarification or explanatory responses
## Footnote
They encourage deeper conversation compared to yes/no questions.
56
Define attending in the context of counseling.
A behavior that demonstrates interest and respect for what another person has to say
## Footnote
Includes eye contact, posture, and distance.
57
List examples of attending behaviors.
* Eye contact
* Open posture
* Appropriate distance
* Leaning toward the client
* Repeating what the client says
* Avoiding interruptions
* Expressing empathy
58
What is reflecting in counseling?
A method that validates what the client is saying, showing that the counselor is listening
## Footnote
It can include reflecting content, feelings, and experience.
59
What is reflecting content?
Paraphrasing what the client is saying in fewer words or short phrases.
60
Give an example of reflecting feelings.
Saying, 'You felt sad about that' when a client discusses a loss.
61
What does reflecting experience involve?
Analyzing what the client says and their body language to provide feedback.
62
List disadvantages of asking questions in counseling.
* Wrong or offensive questions can harm the relationship
* Too many questions can make the client feel interrogated
* May lead to inaccurate answers if the client feels led
* Can increase client dependence on the counselor
63
What are important guidelines for counselors when giving advice?
* Allow clients to help themselves
* Understand the advice thoroughly
* Avoid presenting advice as the only correct way
* Frame advice as suggestions to empower the client
64
List errors that may occur when using reflecting in counseling.
* Reflecting everything can feel standard and unhelpful
* Inappropriate in some cultural contexts
* Lack of sincerity can lead to perceived phoniness
65
How can a choice of words show ownership in communication?
Specific words indicate whether the speaker is taking ownership of the problem or keeping it distant.
66
What is the benefit of summarizing in counseling?
Helps verify understanding and allows the client to clarify their feelings and outline goals.
67
List the five contextual factors of interpersonal communication.
* Psychological
* Relational
* Situational
* Environmental
* Cultural
68
How does a counselor encourage ownership and specificity in a client's communication?
By using verbal clues to direct the client to address their problems directly and create specific messages.
69
List common problems in communication.
* Nonverbal elements cloud messages
* Messages are rarely received as intended
* Previous interpretations affect future ones
* Context affects understanding
* Emotional responses can distort translations
* Differences in word definitions can lead to mistranslations
70
What are the four principle truths in interpersonal communication?
* Impossible to be completely uncommunicative
* Communication cannot be rescinded once received
* Communication is complex and filtered through personal interpretations
* Contexts guide communication
71
How can specialized words affect communication?
They can lead to misunderstandings due to differing personal experiences and social contexts.
72
What should counselors be aware of regarding barriers to effective communication?
* Attention must be maintained
* Messages should be clear
* Cultural and social norms may differ
* Sensitivity is needed for uncomfortable subjects
73
List the steps to successful conflict resolution.
* Do not resolve when angry
* Ensure understanding of the conflict
* Identify what can and cannot be compromised
* Bring multiple options to the table
* Seek mediation if unresolved
* Ask for a binding solution if all else fails
74
How should counselors deal with specialized words in client communication?
Be aware of how clients may interpret words and ask for feedback to ensure understanding.
75
What are the benefits of action-based communication with clients?
Engages clients, especially children, who may not articulate feelings verbally.
76
What is action-based communication?
A method of communication that uses actions along with speech to help clients express themselves
## Footnote
Particularly useful for clients who cannot communicate clearly, such as children or those with limited vocabulary.
77
Why is action-based communication valuable when working with children?
It allows children to share their feelings and opinions in a comfortable manner through play
## Footnote
Children often express themselves better through activities than through verbal communication.
78
What are some methods of action-based communication?
* Creating physical objects to symbolize feelings
* Using pictures or graphics to communicate
* Engaging in common social activities
## Footnote
These methods can help clients express thoughts they find difficult to articulate.
79
What challenges exist in group communication?
* Multiple messages may be sent simultaneously
* Individuals may not respond to messages meant for them
* Varying interpretations of messages by group members
## Footnote
The larger the group, the more potential problems there are with effective communication.
80
What role does a counselor play in group communication?
The counselor creates a system of rules for effective communication and ensures every member has the chance to speak
## Footnote
The counselor should facilitate rather than dominate the group discussions.
81
What are some motives for affiliation in group settings?
* Safety and resource acquisition
* Desire to avoid being seen as an outcast
* Enjoyment of shared activities
## Footnote
Affiliation can lead to strong alliances but can also perpetuate exclusionary practices.
82
What three factors are part of the Family Communication Environment Instrument?
* Expressiveness
* Structural traditionalism
* Avoidance
## Footnote
These factors help define how families communicate and interact with each other.
83
What are the two basic types of mother-child attachment according to Bowlby's theory?
* Secure attachment
* Insecure attachment (further divided into avoidant and resistant)
## Footnote
Secure attachments lead to better emotional and psychological outcomes for children.
84
What is the difference between empathy-altruism and prosocial motivations?
* Empathy-altruism: Acting on behalf of others for selfless reasons
* Prosocial motivations: Good behavior increased by rewards or common goals
## Footnote
These concepts explain different motivations behind altruistic behavior.
85
What are the stages in Mark Knapp’s model of relationship development for 'coming together'?
* Initiating
* Experimenting
* Intensifying
* Integrating
* Bonding
## Footnote
These stages outline how relationships evolve from initial contact to a committed bond.
86
What are the stages in Mark Knapp’s model of relationship development for 'coming apart'?
* Differentiating
* Circumscribing
* Stagnating
* Avoiding
* Terminating
## Footnote
These stages describe the dissolution of relationships.
87
What is the reinforcement-affect model of attraction?
A theory that states people are attracted to others because they provide rewards or are associated with rewards
## Footnote
Developed by Donn Byrne and Gerald Clove, this model emphasizes the importance of positive experiences in attraction.
88
What does social exchange theory propose about attraction?
Individuals weigh the benefits of joining a group against societal views of that group
## Footnote
This theory highlights the cost-benefit analysis individuals perform when forming relationships.
89
What does equity theory examine in relationships?
How both individuals in a relationship assess the positives and negatives of being together
## Footnote
This theory emphasizes fairness and balance in relational dynamics.
90
What is the empathic relationship theory?
To appreciate and acknowledge fully what someone else is feeling despite not being in the situation that client is experiencing.
91
What must a counselor do to truly empathize with a client?
View situations and people as they really are, understand the client's background, and recognize personal biases.
92
What is the authentic relationship theory?
The counselor acts in a way that the client can trust the counselor's honesty and genuine ability to help.
93
Why is trust important in the client-counselor relationship?
Without trust, the client-counselor relationship cannot move forward effectively.
94
What is the accepting relationship theory?
It relates to the value of innate worth and dignity of the human being, where the counselor cares for the client without needing to gratify their own needs.
95
What is essential for an accepting relationship between a counselor and a client?
Acknowledgment that everyone thinks individually and that feelings may vary.
96
What is the power relationship theory?
Power comes from the counselor's authority, expertise, and the client's decision to act based on the counselor's advice.
97
What determines the power dynamics in client relationships?
The decision-making abilities of the clients and the authority the counselor chooses to use.
98
Who is Robert Carkhuff?
A student of Carl Rogers who studied therapy outcomes and developed a five-point scale for measuring empathy, genuineness, concreteness, and respect.
99
What does Level 1 in Carkhuff's scale represent?
The therapist is defensive and may exhibit discrepancies between voice and non-verbal cues.
100
What does Level 5 in Carkhuff's scale represent?
The therapist is significantly involved in the relationship and is open to experiences and feelings without being defensive.
101
What is the cultural influence relationship theory?
Both the client and counselor come with preconceived notions based on first impressions from prior experiences.
102
How can cultural differences affect the client-counselor relationship?
Cultural differences can impair the establishment of a trusting relationship.
103
How can client age and gender affect the client-counselor relationship?
Older clients may feel limited by their age, and gender dynamics can create discomfort based on past experiences.
104
What are the five tasks of healthy individuals according to Witmer and Sweeney?
* Spirituality
* Self-regulation
* Work
* Friendship
* Love
105
How can sexual orientation affect the client-counselor relationship?
Homosexual clients may fear non-acceptance from heterosexual counselors, inhibiting the relationship.
106
What should a counselor do to handle differences in age or gender?
Treat everyone as an individual and be sensitive to preconceived notions about age or gender.
107
Define transference in counseling.
The act of projecting thoughts or feelings about someone onto a new object or person, often the counselor.
108
Give an example of transference in a counseling setting.
A client projects feelings from a negative father relationship onto the counselor.
109
What should a counselor do to handle differences in sexual orientation?
Be aware of personal feelings about homosexuality and work towards detachment to avoid influencing the relationship.
110
Define counter transference.
When the counselor applies feelings from previous relationships to a current client, which can hinder the relationship.
111
What is the counselor's responsibility when dealing with transference?
Acknowledge and support the client's feelings while helping them become self-aware.
112
Define empathy.
The process of understanding another person by identifying with their situation.
113
What is the first stage of empathy?
Experiencing the same emotions as the affected person.
114
What is the second stage of empathy?
Realistically looking at the situation from the other person's point of view.
115
How should a counselor handle counter transference?
Remain aware of personal feelings and strive to control them to avoid hindering the client-counselor relationship.
116
What is stage two of empathy in a counseling context?
Realistically looking at the situation from the other person’s point of view.
## Footnote
An example is when a counselor listens to the client and examines their own reaction by considering how they might feel in the same situation.
117
How should a counselor handle countertransference?
Remain aware of personal feelings and continually examine beliefs and reactions to identify bias.
## Footnote
This helps avoid errors in diagnosis or treatment options and maintains trust in the client-counselor relationship.
118
What is the practice of acceptance in counseling?
Showing concern for the client and discussing feelings and coping without judgment.
## Footnote
The counselor should communicate agreement or disagreement with the client's actions without affecting their personal relationship.
119
What is the importance of self-awareness in empathy?
To prevent personal biases from affecting understanding of the client.
## Footnote
Knowledge of the client's background can help prepare for initial understanding.
120
What role does power play in the counselor-client relationship?
Balancing authority and support, especially in situations where the client cannot handle situations independently.
## Footnote
Example: Involving enforcement officials if a client is harming others.
121
What is authenticity in a counseling relationship?
The counselor should not present a false personality and must take ownership of mistakes.
## Footnote
Authenticity helps build trust and openness in the counseling process.
122
Why is cultural awareness important in counseling?
To avoid stereotyping and understand cultural differences that may impair the relationship.
## Footnote
This includes being respectful and discussing racial differences appropriately.
123
What are symptoms of burnout in counselors?
* Fatigue
* Lethargy
* Headaches
* Changes in sleep patterns
* Depression
## Footnote
Counselors may need to reevaluate the necessity of their relationships when experiencing burnout.
124
What characteristics indicate a client’s willingness to change?
* Active participation in meetings
* Recognizing responsibilities for change
* Rational thinking
* Honest expression of emotions
## Footnote
Clients who engage meaningfully in the process are more likely to succeed.
125
Describe the behavioral engineer model of helping.
The counselor helps the client change behavior and responses to their environment.
## Footnote
Example: Encouraging positive thoughts in reaction to perceived negativity.
126
What is an example of a structured helping relationship?
Counselors, therapists, social workers.
## Footnote
Structured relationships are designed to provide help through regular meetings.
127
List coping skills that may be taught in a helping relationship.
* Expressing feelings
* Problem-solving skills
* Managing stress
* Changing thinking patterns
## Footnote
These skills help clients make positive decisions and cope with challenges.
128
What are motives for entering a helping relationship as a counselor?
* Personal fulfillment
* Contributing to society
* Helping others with similar problems
* Establishing credibility
## Footnote
Counselors must also examine their own needs in the helping relationship.
129
What are the four phases of relationship building in the helping process?
* Entry phase
* Clarification phase
* Structure phase
* Relationship phase
## Footnote
These phases support a positive connection between the counselor and client.
130
What does resistance in a client look like?
Declining or avoiding seeking help, either consciously or unconsciously.
## Footnote
Resistance may stem from fear of change or viewing help as a weakness.
131
What role does spirituality play in the counseling relationship?
Recognizing the importance of spirituality in a client’s life and how it affects their self-image and emotions.
## Footnote
Counselors may assist clients in exploring deeper meanings in their faith.
132
What should counselors avoid regarding cultural influences?
Stereotyping clients and making assumptions based on cultural backgrounds.
## Footnote
Respectful discussion of cultural differences can enhance understanding.
133
What is the medical approach in counseling?
Using diagnosis to describe the client's situation and provide treatment.
## Footnote
This model focuses on managing mental illness and promoting healing.
134
What are examples of unstructured helping relationships?
* Friendships
* Family relationships
* Church services
* One-time seminars
## Footnote
These may provide help in a more relaxed setting but can be less effective.
135
What is the first phase of the helping process?
Exploration of feelings, problems, and facts, and outlining a structure for problem solving.
136
What is the second phase of the helping process?
Consolidation, where alternative solutions to problems are identified and coping skills are practiced.
137
What is the third phase of the helping process?
Planning for how to respond to further problems using recommended techniques.
138
What is the fourth phase of the helping process?
Termination, when the client is ready to face challenges independently.
139
List four key elements in building the relationship between counselor and client.
* Empathy
* Respect
* Lack of artificiality
* Social influence (competence, power, intimacy, expertise, trustworthiness)
140
Define support in the context of a helping relationship.
Provision of feelings of comfort or understanding, particularly in distress.
141
Identify three sources of support in a helping relationship.
* The actual helping relationship with the counselor
* Physical help provided by the counselor
* Support during a crisis situation
142
Describe reassurance in a helping relationship.
Affirming or encouraging another person through verbal responses to manage confusion and reduce stress.
143
List three goals of using reassurance in a helping relationship.
* Increase client’s confidence
* Remind client of positive outcomes discussed
* Decrease client’s anxiety to mobilize action
144
What are the basic steps a counselor can give to a client to help build a support system?
* Assess current support
* Determine expectations for support roles
* Gather potential support individuals or groups
* Develop new supportive relationships
145
List three examples of laws associated with goal setting for the client.
* Not setting goals
* Setting too many goals at once
* Creating unclear goals
146
Describe key characteristics of appropriate goals for clients.
* Attainable
* Reasonable
* Specific and measurable
147
Explain how finding happiness is a vague type of well-being.
Happiness is subjective and defined differently by each person, making it less specific as a goal.
148
Define wellness as described by the World Health Organization.
A state of physical, social, spiritual, and mental well-being, viewed as a process of regular decision-making.
149
Define the term congruence in the helping relationship.
Agreement between a counselor's words and actions, essential for trust in the counseling relationship.
150
List the benefits of group work for helping relationships.
* Shared experiences
* Diverse perspectives
* Peer support
151
Name three different types of groups in helping relationships.
* Groups based on demographics (e.g., young men or women)
* Groups that share common health concerns (e.g., depression)
* Support groups for specific struggles (e.g., overeating)
152
Explain the four phases of a crisis period experienced by a client.
* Crisis occurs with negative feelings
* Increased frustration or stress
* Client attempts to ease tension with various coping mechanisms
* Resolution of the crisis
153
Describe a positive impact of using touch during the helping relationship.
Conveys warmth, empathy, and acceptance, promoting comfort and bonding.
154
Describe a negative impact of using touch during the helping relationship.
May alienate clients who are averse to touch or misinterpret the counselor's intentions.
155
Define critical incident stress debriefing and give an example of its use.
A meeting for professionals to express feelings after a stressful event, such as a team meeting after a client's suicide.
156
Explain the appropriate actions of the counselor during crisis intervention.
* Assess the situation for danger
* Determine appropriate help
* Act to stabilize the situation
157
List three methods of promoting relaxation for a client in distress.
* Concentrating on specific muscle groups
* Taking deep breaths
* Repeating short phrases while focusing on breathing
158
What are relaxation techniques used for?
To promote better concentration, increase comfort, and reduce tension
## Footnote
Examples include deep breathing, meditation, and positive imagery.
159
Define external stress and provide examples.
Factors that cause a crisis beyond the client's control.
* Crimes against the client
* Unemployment
* Natural disasters
* Illness
* Loss and bereavement
160
What is internal distress?
Distress often resulting from external factors, based on the client's response to stress or crisis.
## Footnote
Examples include feelings of depression, hopelessness, or suicidal ideation.
161
What are transitional states?
States that may cause stress for a client, related or unrelated to personal choice.
* Job changes
* Divorce
* Relocation
* Having a baby
162
What is the first step in helping a client through the grief process?
Accept that working through grief is a process and resolution is not instantaneous.
163
Describe how a counselor can help a client express feelings associated with grief.
By discussing emotions and helping the client work through negative feelings to prevent continued pain.
164
What must a client learn to do after experiencing a loss?
Live in the new environment following the loss through practical experience and emotional management.
165
List six characteristics of grief.
* Physical weakness
* Increased pain
* Sleep disturbances
* Emotional reactions (crying, anger)
* Restless behavior
* Feelings of guilt or despair
166
What is intuitive problem solving?
Finding solutions based on one's own conscience, feelings, or intuitions.
167
Give an example of intuitive problem solving.
Choosing to spend time with a new friend based on a hunch about their qualities.
168
What are the steps involved in the rational problem-solving process?
* Identify the problem
* Set a goal
* Determine alternatives
* Consider consequences
* Choose the best solution
* Implement and evaluate the solution
169
Define modeling in counseling.
Demonstrating appropriate behavior to teach another person.
170
How can imagery be used in problem-solving?
By using mental pictures to visualize positive outcomes and potential steps.
171
What is extinguishing in behavior modification?
Discontinuing a behavior to eliminate it.
172
What are the basic principles for using extinguishing?
* Recognize behaviors to stop
* End the behaviors
* Create a plan of action for change
173
What purpose does reinforcement serve in behavior analysis?
To reward or support appropriate behavior and encourage positive choices.
174
What is in-life desensitization?
A process to reduce fear by replacing negative feelings with positive ones.
175
Describe a situation where a counselor might use a contract.
When a client wants to change a behavior, like making rash decisions.
176
List three characteristics of a contract.
* Feasibility
* Specificity
* Retractability
177
What skills should a counselor remember when making a referral?
* Know community resources
* Determine client readiness
* Explain necessity of referral
178
What warning signs should a counselor consider before self-disclosure?
* Client with volatile temper
* Client discomfort with feelings
* Client history of emotional reactions
* Counselor's own emotional control
