Human Nutrition Flashcards
Ch 28 (102 cards)
1
Q
Herbivores?
A
Animals that feed on plants
2
Q
Carnivores?
A
Animals that feed on animals only
3
Q
Omnivores?
A
Animals that feed on plants & animals
4
Q
Eg of herbivore?
A
Sheep
5
Q
Eg of carnivore?
A
Cats
6
Q
Eg of omnivore?
A
Humans
7
Q
Nutrition?
A
Way in which an organism gets and uses its food
8
Q
2 types of nutrition?
A
Autotrophs & Heterotrophs
9
Q
Autotrophs?
A
Make their own food
10
Q
Heterotrophs?
A
Can’t make their own food, take in food from environment
11
Q
Eg of autotroph?
A
Plants making food by photosynthesis
12
Q
Eg of heterotroph?
A
Animals
13
Q
Types of heterotrophs?
A
Parasites & Saprophytes
14
Q
Parasites?
A
Food from a live source
15
Q
Saprophytes?
A
Food from a dead source
16
Q
Eg of parasite?
A
Fleas, disease-causing bacteria
17
Q
Eg of saprophyte?
A
Bacteria + fungi that cause decay
18
Q
Digestion?
A
The physical + chemical breakdown of food
19
Q
Where does digestive system start & end?
A
Starts at mouth,
Ends at anus
20
Q
What are attached to digestive system?
A
Associated glands
21
Q
Name 3 associated glands?
A
Salivary glands,
Liver (+ gall bladder)
Pancreas
22
Q
Name 4 processes in human nutrition?
A
Ingestion,
Digestion,
Absorption,
Egestion
23
Q
Ingestion?
A
Taking in of food into digestive system. When food is placed into mouth.
24
Q
Digestion?
A
Breakdown of food
25
Absorption?
When digested food passes from digestive system and enters into the blood
26
Egestion?
Removal of undigested/unabsorbed waste from the digestive system/human body
27
2 types of digestion?
Physical & Chemical
28
Physical digestion?
Mechanical breakdown of food
29
When does physical digestion take place?
When we chew food or churn it in stomach
30
What does physical digestion do?
Increases surface area so chemical digestion can efficiently take place
31
Chemical Digestion?
Breakdown of food using enzymes
32
Types of teeth?
Incisors,
Canines,
Premolars,
Molars
33
Function of incisors?
Cut + slice
34
Function of canines?
Grip + tear
35
Function of premolars?
Crush + grind
36
Function of molars?
Crush + grind
37
Where are incisors?
Front of mouth
38
What are canines like?
Long, pointed, fang-like
39
What are premolars like?
Large, flat surfaces
40
Where are molars?
Back of jaw
41
Dental Formula?
2(I 2/2 C 1/1 PM 2/2 M 3/3)
42
Upper numbers in dental formula =?
No. of teeth on one side of upper jaw
43
Lower numbers in dental formula =?
No. of teeth on same side of lower jaw
44
Where does mechanical digestion take place?
Mouth
45
How does mechanical digestion take place?
Chewing + grinding of teeth on food
46
Where does chemical digestion take place?
Mouth
47
How does chemical digestion take place?
By action of enzyme amylase
48
Where is amylase found?
In saliva
49
Saliva contains?
Water,
Salts,
Mucus,
Lysozyme,
Amylase
50
pH of mouth?
7
51
Function of epiglottis?
Closes over trachea/windpipe and ensures food passes down the oesophagus
52
Function of oesophagus?
Carry food to stomach by an involuntary wave of muscular contraction called peristalsis
53
Peristalsis?
Wave of muscular action in the walls of the alimentary canal that moves the contents along
54
Can humans digest cellulose?
No
55
Eg of fibre source?
Wholemeal bread, cereals, fruit/veg
56
What does fibre store/absorb?
Water
57
Fibre causes what to expand?
Unabsorbed waste
58
What disease does fibre reduce the risk of?
Colon cancer
59
What's the stomach?
Muscular bag that holds + digests food
60
Protease?
An enzyme that digests protein
61
What's pepsinogen?
Inactive enzyme
62
HCI stands for what?
Hydrochloric acid
63
Hydrochloric acid gives stomach a pH of what?
1-2
64
Contraction of stomach walls helps what?
Churn + digest food mechanically,
Turns into thick soupy mixture called chyme
65
When does chyme leave stomach?
In small amounts when a muscle at the base of stomach opens briefly
66
What hormone does pancreas secrete?
Insulin (+ digestive materials)
67
Pancreatic juice consists of what?
Salt sodium-hydrogen carbonate
68
What does pancreatic juice do?
Neutralises chyme from stomach
69
Where is liver located?
Under diaphragm
70
Functions of liver?
- Break down RBC's
- Make bile (digestive function)
- Converting excess cabs to fat
- Stores glycogen
- Storing Vitamins Eg: A+D
71
Bile is formed from what?
Remains of damaged RBC's
72
Colour of bile?
Yellow/green
73
Bile consists of?
Water,
Bile salts,
Bile pigments
74
Does bile have enzymes?
No
75
Where is bile made?
Liver
76
Where is bile stored?
Gall bladder
77
Where does bile enter and through where?
Enters duodenum through bile duct
78
Functions of bile?
- Impulsifies lipids
- Neutralises chyme from stomach
- Excrete pigments, made from damaged RBC's
79
How does bile increase surface area?
By breaking down large fats+oils into droplets.
80
3 parts of small intestine?
Duodenum,
Jejunum,
Ileum
81
Function of duodenum?
Carries out digestion
82
Function of ileum?
Absorb nutrients
83
Function of Villus/Villi
Increase surface area for absorption
84
Food absorbed by (villus/villi)
Diffusion
85
Adaptations of villi for absorption?
- Large numbers increase SA
- Large numbers of microvilli increase Sa
- Walls only one cell thick
- Have rich blood capillary supply
86
What's deamination?
Amino acids not used by body, broken down in liver, forming urea
87
What's inside each villus
Lacteal
88
What liquid does each lacteal contain?
Lymph
89
What's transported by lymph?
Fats
90
What are absorbed into cells of villus lining?
Fatty acids + glycerol
91
Adaptations of the Ilim (small intestine) for Absorption
- very long
- has numerous villi + microvilli
- walls of villi very thin
- rich blood capillary supply to carry water-soluble products away
92
Functions of large intestine?
- absorption of water
- egestion
- perystalsis
- absorb vitamins
93
Below large intestines junction with small intestine is what?
Caecum
94
What's found at end of caecum?
Appendix
95
What's vestigal?
Organs that have lost former use
95
What does colon do?
Reabsorbs water,
Produces vitamins B+K
96
What's egestion?
Removal of undigested waste
97
What's a balanced diet?
Contains all required food types in the correct proportions
98
Amount of needed food depends on?
Age
Activity levels
Gender
Health
99
7 components of balanced diet?
Carbohydrate
Protein
Lipid
Vitamins
Minerals
Fibre
Water
100
Foods containing similar nutrients arranged into 4 food groups?
Cereals Breads Potatoes,
Fruit Vegetables,
Milk Cheese Yoghurt,
Meat Fish Poultry
101
Food pyramid?
Suggested servings for each food group
