The Skeleton & Muscles Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
The skeletal and muscular systems work together in most animals to form?
A
the musculoskeletal system
2
Q
The musculoskeletal system is controlled by?
A
the nervous system
3
Q
Name 4 functions of the skeleton.
A
support
protection
movement
blood cell production
4
Q
Discuss support as a function of the skeleton.
A
the bones of the skeleton provide a rigid framework that holds the body upright
5
Q
Discuss protection as a function of the skeleton.
A
the skull protects the brain,
the vertebrae protect the nerves of the spinal cord,
the ribs protect the heart and lungs
6
Q
Discuss movement as a function of the skeleton.
A
bones provide a system of rigid levers against which muscles can pull
7
Q
Discuss blood cell production as a function of the skeleton.
A
bone marrow makes RBC’s, WBC’s and platelets
8
Q
Ribs protect what?
A
the heart and lungs
9
Q
Vertebrae protect what?
A
the nerves of the spinal cord
10
Q
The adult skeleton has how many bones?
A
206
11
Q
The skeleton is divided into what two skeleton names?
A
axial and appendicular
12
Q
Simple definition of the axial skeleton?
A
skull and vertebrae
13
Q
The axial skeleton consists of what?
A
skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum
14
Q
The spine has how many bones?
A
33
15
Q
The top 24 vertebrae are held together by what
A
ligaments, move slightly
16
Q
Function of cartilage with vertebrae?
A
shock absorbers and protect the vertebrae
17
Q
Spine/vertebrae is split into how many regions?
A
5
18
Q
Name the 5 regions in the spine.
A
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacrum
coccyx
19
Q
What are the following bones?
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacrum
coccyx
A
neck
chest
back
hip
tail
20
Q
How many vertebrae in the following?
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacrum
coccyx
A
7
12
5
5
4
21
Q
The top vertebrae are seperated by?
A
discs of cartilage
22
Q
Describe discs of cartilage appearance.
A
hard outer layer
soft, jelly-like centre
23
Q
The bottom 9 vertebrae have no discs between them so they what?
A
fuse together
24
Q
How many vertebrae are in top and how many in bottom?
A
24 top
9 bottom
25
Name the parts that make up top 24 vertebrae.
cervical (neck)
thoracic (chest)
lumbar (back)
26
Name the parts that make up the bottom 9 vertebrae.
sacrum (hip)
coccyx (tail)
27
Is it the top/bottom vertebrae that can move/cant move
top = move slightly
bottom = no movement occurs
28
What does a rib cage consist of?
the sternum and 12 pairs of ribs
29
All ribs are attached to what?
the vertebrae of the spine
30
The top 7 ribs are attached to? What are these ribs called?
the sternum/breastbone at the front of the body = true ribs
31
The next 3 ribs are attached how? What are these ribs called?
attached to each other at the front of the chest by cartilage = false ribs
32
The bottom 2 ribs are attached how? What are these ribs called?
attached to each other at the front of the chest by cartilage = false ribs
33
How are the ribs split?
7, 3, 2
34
Simple definition of appendicular skeleton?
limbs
(or)
pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle
35
The appendicular skeleton consists of?
limbs, pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle
36
The pectoral girdle consists of?
the collarbone (clavicle) and the shoulder blade (scapula)
37
The pectoral girdle forms a connection between?
connection with the vertebral column and with the arms
38
The pelvic girdle is composed of?
2 halves of the hip joined to the sacrum
39
Each half of the pelvic girdle consists of how many fused bones?
3
40
The 2 halves of the pelvic girdle are joined by?
a band of flexible cartilage
41
The pelvic girdle is fused to what, at where?
to the spine at the sacrum
42
The pelvic girdle consists of hip bones and the sacrum is conntect to?
the legs
43
The hollow cavity where the hip bones attach to the sacrum is called?
the pelvis
44
Difference between tarsal and carpal?
tarsal is a bone in the ankle
carpal is a bone in the wrist
45
Difference between carpel and carpal?
carpel is the female parts of a plant
carpal is a bone in the wrist
46
Each limb ends in 5 digits, such as?
fingers/toes
47
Each limb ends in 5 digits, called what?
pentadactyl limbs
48
The individual bones of the fingers and toes are called?
phalanges
49
Each finger/toe has how many phalanges?
3
50
Big thumb and big toe have how many phalanes?
2
51
Main biomolecule related to cartilage is?
protein
52
Cartilage contains a firm but flexible fibrous protein called?
collagen
53
Cartilage lacks in what?
blood vessels and nerves
54
For transport, cartilage depends on?
material diffusing throughout the cells that form it
55
Where is cartilage found?
in the pinna of the ear, the nose, trachea, discs between the vertebrae
56
3 functions of cartilage?
shock absorber
reduce friciton
protects bone
57
Name the 3 types of bone.
compact bone, spongy bone, bone marrow/medullary cavity
58
Long bones like the femur are enclosed by a membrane called?
the periosteum
59
Periosteum contains?
blood vesels and nerves
60
The long shaft of a bone is the?
diaphysis
61
The head of a bone is called the?
epiphysis
62
The inside of a bone has 3 regions, name them.
compact bone, spongy bone, medullary cavity/bone marrow
63
The matrif of a compact bone is composed of __% inorganic salts such as ___ and __% ___.
70%, calcium phosphate, 30% protein
64
(compact bone) : bone cells and protein are both what?
organic
65
5 functions of compact bone?
strength
rigidy
shape
structure
support
66
Spongy bone is like compact bone that contains what?
numerous hollows
66
The spaces in spongy bone are filled with what? What do they do?
red bone marrow, which produced blood cells
67
Spongy bone is found mostly where?
in the ends (epiphyses) of bones
68
3 functions of spongy bone?
make blood cells
gives strength
rigidy
69
The medullary cavity contains?
bone marrow
70
In young people, bone marrow is full of active what? What does X make?
red marrow, which makes blood components
71
In adults, the medullary cavity contains what? Give 2 functions of X.
yellow marrow, which can convert to red marrow or store fat
72
What is an osteoblast?
a bone-forming cell
(bone builder)
73
Whats the growth plate?
the area between the epiphysis and diaphysis is a long bone within which bone growth occurs
74
Osteoblasts produce what?
collagen
75
Growth plates cause what?
increase length of a bone
76
What are osteoclasts?
is a bone-digesting cell
(breaks down bone)
77
Innominate bones are known as?
pelvis/hip
78
Function of the discs?
shock absorption
friction-free movement
articulation
79
What type of joint is found between vertebrae?
slightly moveable
80
What tissue fills spaces in compact bone?
(bone) marrow
81
What happens bone at least 10 times during its life?
dissolved and replaced
82
Restructuring bone involves what?
bone material being removed from the interior of the medullary cavity and
extra bone material being deposited on the outside of the bone
83
In bone development, osteoclasts do what?
move around in the medullary cavity digesting the bone that lines the cavity and deposit calcium from the bone into blood vessels
84
Continual renewal of bone is dependent on?
physical activity/exercise,
hormones,
diet
85
What happens bones during exercise?
they are stressed,
become thicker and stronger
86
2 main hormones affecting bone development are?
sex hormones
parathormone
87
What do sex hormones do to bones?
increase the size
88
What does parathormone do to bones?
removes calcium
89
Definition of a joint?
where two or more bones meet
90
Name the 3 types of joints.
immovable
slightly movable
freely movable
91
92
Give examples of immovable joints.
skull and pelvic girdle
93
Give an example of freely slightly joints.
between vertebrae in the upper spinal column
94
Immovable joints are _____.
fused
95
The junction between fused bones is called?
a suture
96
Immovable joints provide?
strength, support, protection
97
Slightly movable jooints are seperated by?
pads of cartilage
98
What affect do ligaments have on slightly movable joints and why?
they limit the amount of movement possible in order to protect the nerves of the spinal cord
99
In freely movable joints, the ends of the bones are covered with? The bones are seperated by?
cartilage,
a cavity
100
(freely movable joints) The bones are held in place by ligaments, which?
prevent exessive movement of bones at joints
101
2 examples of freely movable joints?
ball-and-socket joints, hinge joints
102
Discuss ball-and-socket joints and give eg.
allow movement in all directions
eg: shoulder, hip
cannot support heavy loads
103
Discuss hinge joints and give eg.
allow movement in one direciton only
eg: elbow, knee
can support heavy loads
104
Synovial fluid?
is produced in movable joints to lubricate and reduce friction
105
Definition of ligament?
attache bone to bone
106
Definition of tendon?
attach muscle to bone
107
Ligaments are more flexible when?
when warm
108
Tendons are mostly composed of?
collagen and some blood vessels
110
Name a musculoskeletal disorder.
arthritis
111
Give a cause of arthritis.
wear and tear
112
Name a treatment for arthritis.
physiotherapy
113
What happens when muscles contract?
gets shorter, shortens…
114
Name 3 types of muscle.
skeletal, smooth, cardiac
115
Is skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary?
voluntary
116
Is smooth muscle involuntary or voluntary?
involuntary
117
Is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary?
involuntary
118
Skeletal muscle can contract quickly, but?
tires very easily
119
Smooth muscle contracts slowly and is?
slow to tire
120
Cardiac muscle contracts strongly and?
does not tire
121
Cardiac muscle is found where?
in the heart
122
Definition of an antagonistic pair?
(is two) muscles that have opposite effects (to each other)
123
Name an example of an antagonistic pair.
biceps and triceps
124
Difference between biceps and triceps?
bicep: contract to flex the arm, located at the front of the humerus
tricep: contracts to extend the arm, located at the back of the humerus
