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Sam - Biology > Monera (Bacteria) > Flashcards

Monera (Bacteria) Flashcards

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1
Q

In relation to micro-organisms like bacteria and fungi, describe their distribution in nature.

A

they can survive in all habitats
or
they are found everywhere

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2
Q

Explain the terms sterility and asepsis.

A

S: absence of all (micro) organisms
A: absence of pathogens

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3
Q

Are bacteria prokayotic or eukaryotic? Justify your answer.

A

prokaryotic: without nucleus or without membrane-bound organelles

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4
Q

Bacteria reproduce asexually, name and describe this process.

A

binary fission:
- DNA replicates
- DNA moves to both ends of the cell
- cell elongates
- cell divides in two/two identical cells formed

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5
Q

Explain the term pathogenic.

A

disease causing

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6
Q

Give a possible effect of the misuse of antibiotics.

A

(antibiotic) resistance

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7
Q

What is microbiology?

A

study of microorganisms

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8
Q

What are microorganisms? Give 3 eg’s.

A

small living things,
eg: protists, bacteria, fungi

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9
Q

Comment on cell of monera.

A

unicellular/single celled

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10
Q

Name the 6 parts of the basic structure of a bacterial cell that are always present.

A

cell membrane
cell wall
cytoplasm
ribosome
storage granule
DNA loop

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11
Q

Name the 5 parts of the basic structure of a bacterial cell that are sometimes present.

A

capsule/slime layer
flagella/flagellum
plasmid
mesosome
endospore

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12
Q

Function of cell wall and what is it made up of?

A

protects the cell from swelling with water and bursting. composed of sugars and proteins

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13
Q

Describe the cell membrane.

A

allows certain substances enter and leave, it surrounds the bacteria and is selectively permeable

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14
Q

Function of capsule/slime layer?

A

further protection against other micro-organisms

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15
Q

What does a bacterial chromosome consist of?

A

1 DNA loop

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16
Q

Decribe the plasmid.

A

contains DNA loops, responsible for antibiotic resistance

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17
Q

Describe the cytoplasm.

A

contains ribosomes and storage granules for metabolic reactions/food and waste

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18
Q

Describe the flagella.

A

tail like structures allowing the bacteria to move

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19
Q

What does motile mean?

A

move by themselves

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20
Q

Function of storage granules?

A

stores nutrients, eg: glycogen

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21
Q

What 2 things to monera not contain?

A

mitochondria or chloroplast

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22
Q

Function of mesosome?

A

aids respiration / cell division

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23
Q

How many shapes of bacteria are there?

A

3

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24
Q

Name the bacterial shapes.

A

spherical/round,
rod,
spiral

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25
Give an example of a round/spherical bacteria.
pneumonia
26
Give an example of a rod bacteria.
tetanus (lockjaw)
27
Give an example of a spiral bacteria.
cholera
28
Endospores are a method of what?
survival
29
Some bacteria can survive in harsh conditions by producing what?
an endospore
30
Describe the main events of endspore formation.
- DNA replicates - moves to ends of the cell - shrinkage of cytoplasm - thick wall form - inside original cell - encloses DNA - cell rounds up
31
Whats mutation?
a change in the amount or strucutre of DNA
32
Bacteria produce identical offspring as they reproduce ____, there is no ____
asexually variation
33
What are antibiotics?
chemicals that kill bacteria / chemicals produced by micro-organisms that inhibit the growth of, or kill, other micro-organisms
34
What antibiotic was first discovered and by who?
penicillin by Fleming
35
What do antibiotics not affect?
viruses
36
Overusing antibiotics can lead to?
the development of resistant bacteria
37
Give 3 ways antibiotic resistance can occur.
overuse misuse mutation
37
The gene for antibiotic resistance is found on the?
plasmid
38
What does antibiotic resistance mean?
these bacteria are not affected by the antibiotic thats being used
39
Give 2 potential abuses of antibiotics in medicine?
overuse failure to complete treatment
40
Bacteria get their food in how many different ways?
4
41
The ways of getting their food is split into what?
autotrophic and heterotrophic
42
Autotrophic meaning?
make their own food
43
Two types of autotrophic nutrition for bacteria?
photosynthetic bacteria chemosynthetic bacteria
44
Explain photosynthetic bacteria + eg.
chlorophyll absorbs light (sun) to make food Eg: purple sulphur bacteria
45
Explain chemosynthetic bacteria + eg.
make food using energy from chemical reactions Eg: nitrifying bacteria in nitrogen cycle
46
Chemosynthesis means?
the production of food using energy releaed from chemical reactions
47
Two types of heterotrophic nutrition for bacteria?
saprophytes parasites
48
Heterotrophic means?
take in food from other organisms
49
Saprophytes are?
organisms that take in food from dead organic matter
50
Describe saprophyte as nutrition + eg.
take in food from a dead host/dead organic matter, acting as decomposers Eg: bacteria of decay (in soil)
51
Parasites are?
organisms that take in food from a live host and usually cause harm
52
Describe parasites as nutrition + eg.
take in food from a live host causing harm Eg: tetanus, pneumonia
53
Name 5 factors affecting bacterial growth (+1 extra minor one).
1) temperature 2) pH 3) pressure 4) external solute concentration 5) oxygen concentration +) food
54
Bacteria normally grow best between what temp?
20 -30 degrees C
55
An unsuitable temperature will do what to the enzymes?
denature
56
Cooler/lower temperatures do what to enzymes and bacterial growth?
slow
57
Optimum pH for bacteria is?
pH 7 = neutral
58
Where in the body has bacteria functioning at a low pH
stomach
59
At high pressure, what happens bacteria?
bacterial cell walls collapse
60
If external solution is of higher concentration what happens the water?
leave bacterial cell
61
If internal solution is of higher concentration what happens the water?
enter the cell
62
If external solution is of lower concentration what happens the water?
enter the cell
63
Aerobic bacteria require oxygen for what?
respiration
64
Do parasitic bacteria require or not oxygen to respire?
dont require
65
Faculutative anaerobes respire how?
with or without oxygen
66
Obligate anaerobes respire how?
only without oxygen
67
Example of obligate anaerobes?
tetanus/lockjaw
68
Example of anerobic bacteria?
tetanus
69
Example of aerobic bacteria?
streptococcus/sore throat
70
2 economic importances of bacteria?
- bacteria lactobacillus is used to convert milk to cheese and yoghurt. - genetically modified bacteria produce insulin. - vaccine production - gut bacteria produce vitamins K and E - aerobic bacteria for vinegar production - bacteria is essential for nitrogen and carbon cycles
71
2 disadvantages of bacteria?
- cause disease (pathogens), food poison (ecoli), cholera. - some cause food decay
72
List 5 stages of bacterial growth.
1. lag 2. log 3. stationary 4. decline 5. death/survival
73
In lag phase: growth ? death birth rate ? death rate
=
74
In log phase: growth ? death birth rate ? death rate
>
75
In stationary phase: growth ? death birth rate ? death rate
=
76
In decline phase: growth ? death birth rate ? death rate
>
77
Explain lag phase.
very little growth, bacteria are adapting to their environment
78
Explain log phase.
numbers rapidly increase, due to ideal conditions
79
Explain stationary phase.
slows down with no increase due to the lack of food/space/moisture/oxygen/build up of toxic waste
80
Explain decline phase.
numbers decline due to death rate being higher than birth rate/growth
81
Explain death/survival phase.
not all die, some survive and form spores known as endospores
82
Batch food processing?
organisms go through all phases of the growth curve or fixed amount of nutrients added at start or bioreactor emptied at end
83
Continuous flow?
maintained in one (log or stationary) growth phase or nutrients constantly added or products constantly removed
84
How dp certain bacteria respond to unfavourable conditions:
endospore forms
85
Whats a bioreactor?
a vessel/container in which living things are used to make a product
86
Give an example of batch culture processing.
antibiotics
87
Give an example of continuous flow processing.
single-celled protein

Sam - Biology (41 decks)

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