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iGCSE Biology - Edexcel > human nutrition: balanced diet > Flashcards

human nutrition: balanced diet Flashcards

1
Q

what are carbohydrates made up of

A

are made up of simple sugars
—-> involves the elements hydrogen, oxygen and carbon

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2
Q

what are proteins made up of

A

Are made up of amino acids

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3
Q

lipids are made from

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

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4
Q

glucose food test

A

Benedict’s solution

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5
Q

Benedict’s solution is normally …..

A

Blue

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6
Q

In high concentrations of glucose the food test will turn

A
  • food test —> Benedict’s solution
  • turns BRICK RED in high concentrations
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7
Q

In low concentrations Benedict’s solution (GLUCOSE) will turn…

A

Green or yellow

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8
Q

To test for starch

A

Iodine solution

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9
Q

Positive test for iodine solution

A

Blue-black

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10
Q

Original colour of iodine solution (STARCH)

A

browny-orange

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11
Q

To test for proteins…

A

Use the biuret test

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12
Q

Containing proteins the solution will change from

A

Blue—>pink—>purple

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13
Q

To test for lipids use the

A

Sudan III test or the emulsion test

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14
Q

what do carbohydrates do

A

provide energy

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15
Q

lipids/fats do…

A

provide energy and act as insulation and as a energy store

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16
Q

proteins do…

A

are needed for growth and repair of tissue and to provide energy in emergencies

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17
Q

Vitamin A

A
  • improves vision
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18
Q

Vitamin C

A

Is needed to prevent scurvy

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19
Q

Vitamin D

A
  • helps calcium absorbtion
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20
Q

eggs provide

A

Vitamin D
(Think sunny side up because you can get vitamin d from sunlight and eggs)

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21
Q

liver has high levels in of

A

vitamin a

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22
Q

Lipids are found in

A

Butter and oily fish

23
Q

Purpose of water

A
  • needed in cellular reactions
24
Q

Iron (a mineral iron)

A

Makes haemoglobin

25
Q

Calcium (a mineral ion)

A

Needed to make bones and teeth

26
Q

Fibre

A

Aids the movement of food through the gut

27
Q

Dietary fibreis found in

A

Is found in wholemeal bread and fruit

28
Q

Peristalsis

A

The movement of food through the gut using circular muscle contractions

29
Q

Amylase converts starch into

A

Maltose
—-> converted by maltase
—-> into glucose

30
Q

STARCH—->MALTOSE—->GLUCOSE

A

amylase
maltase

31
Q

Proteins—-> amino acids

A

Proteases

32
Q

Lipids are converted by lipases into

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

33
Q

Bile is produced in the

A

Liver

34
Q

What is the functions of bile?

A
  • neutralises HCl in the stomach so it will not denature the enzymes in the small intestine that work in alkaline conditions
  • emulsified fats - making the surface area bigger for lipase to work on so digestion is faster
35
Q

A….. C….

A

Alimentary canal

36
Q

Salivary glands produce

A

Amylase
—-> chemical digestion

37
Q

The gall bladder stores

A

Bile

38
Q

Rectum stores

A

Faeces

39
Q

Villi are in the

A

Small intestine

40
Q

The function of the small intestine is

A
  • produces lipases, proteases and amylase
  • nutrients are absorbed out of the alimentary canal into the body
  • duodenum - first part
  • ileum - second part
41
Q

Large intestine:

A

Excess water is absorbed from food

42
Q

The villi is adapted to it function because

A
  • really big surface area - millions and millions of villi
  • each cell on the villi also has MICROVILLI
    –> SA increased even more
  • villi have a single layer of cells which are very permeable
  • a very good blood supple
    —> fast absorption
43
Q

Describe and name the test for proteins:

A

BIURET SOLUTION: PROTEIN
- the solution will change from BLUE to PINK or PURPLE
- use a 2cm^3 sample of food and place it into a test tube
- add 2cm^3 of biuret solution
- gently shake it

no special conditions

44
Q

Describe and name the test for glucose:

A

BENEDICT’S SOLUTION: GLUCOSE
BLUE->GREEN->YELLOW->RED
- prepare a food sample and transfer 5cm^3 to a test tube
- prepare a 75C water bath
- add 10ish drops of Benedict with a pipette
- put the test tube in a test tube holder and then the water bath. Leave for 5 minutes. Make sure it is pointing away from you (because it’s irritating).
- no conc.= blue
- medium conc. = green/yellow
- high conc. = brick red

45
Q

Describe the name and test for lipids: (4 steps)

A

LIPID: SUDAN (III) TEST
POSITIVE: BRIGHT RED
- prepare a sample (do not filter) of around 5cm^3
- add 3 drops of Sudan stain solution to a test tube using a pipette.
- Gently shake the tube.
- if positive, mixture will separate into 2 layers- top will be brick red

46
Q

Describe and name the test for starch:

A

IODINE SOLUTION: STARCH TEST
- the solution will turn BROWNY-ORANGE to BLUE-BLACK
- make a food sample
- transfer 5cm^3 to a test tube
- add a iodine solution and gently shake the tube

no special conditions

47
Q

What test do you have to use an excess of? Why?

A
  • Benedict’s solution (glucose)
  • this us to ensure all of the glucose reacts
48
Q

Which test must the tube be pointing away from you?

A
  • glucose (Benedict’s test)
49
Q

Which test has to be heated to occur?

A
  • glucose (Benedict’s)
50
Q

How to make a food sample?

A
  • break up a piece of food using a pestle and mortar
  • transfer the food to a breaker
  • add distilled water
  • mix with a glass rod to dissolve some of the food
  • filter the solution via a funnel lined with filter paper to remove solid food
51
Q

What is glucose found in: (name 3)

A
  • biscuits
  • cereal
  • bread
52
Q

what food contain starch? (Name 3)

A
  • pasta
  • rice
  • potatoes
53
Q

What is used for protein tests?

A
  • meat
  • cheese
54
Q

What is used for the lipid test?

A
  • olive oil
  • margarine
  • milk

iGCSE Biology - Edexcel (40 decks)

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