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Human Performance Flashcards

1
Q

Newton’s first law

A

Law of inertia

Objects will not change state of motion unless acted on by an external force

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2
Q

Newton’s second law

A

Law of acceleration
The acceleration a body experienced is directly proportional to the force causing I️t and takes place in the same direction of the force

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3
Q

Newton’s third law

A

Law of action and reaction

Every action has an equal and opposite reaction

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4
Q

Examples of each law

A

1- bowling ball hitting pins
2- spiking a volleyball
3- bumper cars colliding

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5
Q

Biomechanical principles

A 
Stability 
Max effort
Max velocity 
Linear motion x2
Angular motion
Angular momentum
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6
Q

Stability

A

The lower the centre of gravity, the larger the base of support, The closer the centre of mass to the midline of the base of the support, the greater the mass, the more stability increases
Ex. 3 point stance in football

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7
Q

Maximum effort

A

The production of max force requires the use of all possible joint measurements that contribute to the tasks objective
Ex golf swing

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8
Q

Max velocity

A

The production of max velocity requires the use of joints largest or smallest ex golf swing

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9
Q

Linear motion

A

The greater the applied impulse, the greater the increase in velocity ex basketball dunk

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10
Q

Linear motion #5

A

Movement usually occurs in the direction opposite of the applied force ex high jump

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11
Q

Angular motion

A

Produced by the application of a force acting at some distance from the axis, that is, by torque
Principle of production
Ex baseball swing

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12
Q

Angular momentum

A

Constant when an athlete or object is free in the air
Conservations of momentum
Ex zip line

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13
Q

Biomechanics definition

A

A science that examines the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces

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14
Q

Kinematic definition

A

The study that describes spatial and timing characteristics of motion

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15
Q

Kinetics definition

A

The study that focusses on the various forces that cause a movement

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16
Q

Third class lever

A

Action on bottom, force and resistance on bottom

Ex sweeping with broom and soccer

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17
Q

Second class lever

A

Action on bottom, resistance then force on top

Ex high jump

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18
Q

First class lever

A

Resistance on top, action and force (down) on bottom

Ex pair of scissors or head butt

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19
Q 
Killian and kori 
Jill and Megan
Alyssa and kait
Ash and Brett
Brock
Syd and Payton
A 
Baseball swing
Goal kick for rugby
Swimming start 
Foul shot
T push in hockey
Hurdles
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20
Q 
Lauren and me 
Em and kyra
Lexi and madi
Bri and Abbie 
Kacie and meg
A 
Badminton serve
Sprinters start
Backflip
Pirautte 
Kartwheel
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21
Q

Qualitative observations

A

Compare athlete to a model and see how they differ

Ex eyeball, videotape and films

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22
Q

Quantitative observations

A

Quantity of movement with numbers
Measurements on all parts of the body
Ex eyes and stopwatch, force platform, film analysis

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23
Q

Preliminary skill analysis

A

Exhibited prior to force generated actions

Ex stance for foul shot

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24
Q

Force production skill analysis

A

All body movements generating force to complete task or skill
Ex approach for long jump

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25
Q

Critical instant skill analysis

A

Point of impact or release

Ex impact of birdie during smash

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26
Q

Post critical skill analysis

A

Conclude skill, body recovers from force producing actions

Ex follow through of a kick

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27
Q

Chronological age

A

Measured in years or time

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28
Q

Skeletal age

A

Indicated by the physical maturity of the skeleton, nutrition, disease, and major injuries can slow I️t down

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29
Q

Developmental age

A

Ones ability to perform certain tasks (developmental milestones)

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30
Q

Gender differences in Growth

A 
Stature 
Weight
Heart rate
Stroke volume 
Body composition 
Flexibility 
Muscular strength
31
Q

Stature growth diff

A

At birth genders are the same but 10-11 for G and 12-13 for B, hormonal changes cause the body to grow taller more rapidly

32
Q

Weight growth diff.

A

Don’t differ at birth
By fifth month weight has double and by second year weight decreases
Adolescence causes sharp increase in body weight do to increase in heigh and changes in body

33
Q

Heart rate growth diff.

A

Boys are approximately 10% lower than girls

34
Q

Stroke volume growth diff

A

Females generally have lower stroke volume than males both rest and during exercise

35
Q

Body comp growth diff

A

After puberty girls have a greater percentage of body fat

36
Q

Flexibility growth diff

A

Females have greater flex. But I️t declines with age for both

37
Q

Muscular strength growth diff.

A

Female strength peaks in late teens but for males it peaks during the 20s
After puberty females have less strength due to loss of male hormone testosterone

38
Q

Factors affecting growth

A 
Glandular/hormonal 
Hereditary 
Nutrition and diet
Physical activity 
Social economic status/class factors
39
Q

Glandular/hormonal growth factor

A

Hormones affect metabolism

Glands suffer from from diseases

40
Q

Hereditary growth factor

A

Parents genes influence size and somatotype

41
Q

Nutrition and diet of growth factor

A

Inadequate/unbalanced diet leads to physical development issues

42
Q

Physical activity growth factor

A

Lack of activity

Harmful/excessive exercise

43
Q

Socio-economic status/class factors growth factors

A

Depends on opportunity /values, diet, sleep

44
Q

Models of human motion

A

Practicle
Stick figure
Rigid body segment

45
Q

Practicle model

A

Simple dot representing the centre of mass of the body or object
Used when the body or object is airborne
Ex baseball or diving

46
Q

Stick figure model

A

Represents athletes who are in contact with the ground or other earth bound objects
Ex diving board or starting block
Rigid sticks linked together at the joints

47
Q

Rigid body segment

A

3D allows analyses of vigorous motion

Sophisticated computer motion analyses systems are used

48
Q

Types of motion

A

Linear
Angular
General

49
Q

Linear motion

A

Occurs when all parts of the body move the same distance in the same direction and at the same time (translation)
Ex a skaters glide
Straight (rectilinear), curved (curvilinear)

50
Q

Angular motion

A

Moving on a circular path and in the same direction
The line which bodies rotate is the axis of rotation
Ex gymnast doing giant swings on bar
Flex extend

51
Q

General motion

A

Combination of the two

Gymnast floor routine

52
Q

Components of human growth and development

A

Growth
Maturation
Motor development

53
Q

Growth component

A

Measurable changes in size, quantity, or functioning of the body or a part of I️t

54
Q

Maturation component

A

Extent of a particular underlying characteristic like body changes during puberty (biological state)

55
Q

Motor development component

A

How movement behaviour changes over times because of influences from ones biological system and environment

56
Q

Areas of human development

A

Physical
cognitive
Social
Motor skills

57
Q

Physical development

A

Maturity of muscles, bones, and energy systems

58
Q

Cognitive development

A

Interpret and process information and knowledge

59
Q

Social development

A

Create and sustain relationships with people

60
Q

Motor skills development

A

Movement (running) handling (throwing)

Balancing g

61
Q

Principle of individual differences

A

Individuals vary widely in terms of how quickly and easily they learn new skills

62
Q

Stages of motor learning FITTS AND POSNERS

A

cognitive
Associative
Autonomous

63
Q

Cognitive stage

A

Basic understanding of task, learner commits relatively large errors; may need specific instruction on how to improve

64
Q

Associative stage

A

Learner begins to refine skill, develop awareness of mistakes

65
Q

Autonomous stage

A

Skill becomes automatic

Aware of mistakes and how to correct them

66
Q

Five step method for teaching a skill

A 
Readying 
Imaging 
Focusing 
Executing 
Evaluating
67
Q

Readying skill teach

A

Preparatory

Attain ideal mental and emotional state

68
Q

Imaging skill teach

A

Develop picture in mind of correct skill execution

69
Q

Focusing skill teach

A

Zero in on skill

Zoning out opponents

70
Q

Executing skill teach

A

Learner attempts skill after completing first three stages

71
Q

Evaluating skill teach

A

Asses which aspects of skill were successful and which needed improvement

72
Q

Types of feedback

A

KR- knowledge of results of an action
Ex foul shot, did the ball go into the net
KP- knowledge of performance
Ex foul shot, was there proper form?

73
Q

Open skills

A

Performed in an unpredictable environment, requires participants to adapt their movements to changing nature of environment, environmental conditions are in motion (soccer)

74
Q

Closed skill

A

Predictable environment

Permits participants to plan movements in advance, environmental conditions are stationary (volleyball)

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