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Human Performance Flashcards

1
Q

Newton’s first law

A

Law of inertia

Objects will not change state of motion unless acted on by an external force

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2
Q

Newton’s second law

A

Law of acceleration
The acceleration a body experienced is directly proportional to the force causing I️t and takes place in the same direction of the force

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3
Q

Newton’s third law

A

Law of action and reaction

Every action has an equal and opposite reaction

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4
Q

Examples of each law

A

1- bowling ball hitting pins
2- spiking a volleyball
3- bumper cars colliding

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5
Q

Biomechanical principles

A 
Stability 
Max effort
Max velocity 
Linear motion x2
Angular motion
Angular momentum
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6
Q

Stability

A

The lower the centre of gravity, the larger the base of support, The closer the centre of mass to the midline of the base of the support, the greater the mass, the more stability increases
Ex. 3 point stance in football

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7
Q

Maximum effort

A

The production of max force requires the use of all possible joint measurements that contribute to the tasks objective
Ex golf swing

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8
Q

Max velocity

A

The production of max velocity requires the use of joints largest or smallest ex golf swing

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9
Q

Linear motion

A

The greater the applied impulse, the greater the increase in velocity ex basketball dunk

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10
Q

Linear motion #5

A

Movement usually occurs in the direction opposite of the applied force ex high jump

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11
Q

Angular motion

A

Produced by the application of a force acting at some distance from the axis, that is, by torque
Principle of production
Ex baseball swing

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12
Q

Angular momentum

A

Constant when an athlete or object is free in the air
Conservations of momentum
Ex zip line

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13
Q

Biomechanics definition

A

A science that examines the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces

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14
Q

Kinematic definition

A

The study that describes spatial and timing characteristics of motion

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15
Q

Kinetics definition

A

The study that focusses on the various forces that cause a movement

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16
Q

Third class lever

A

Action on bottom, force and resistance on bottom

Ex sweeping with broom and soccer

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17
Q

Second class lever

A

Action on bottom, resistance then force on top

Ex high jump

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18
Q

First class lever

A

Resistance on top, action and force (down) on bottom

Ex pair of scissors or head butt

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19
Q 
Killian and kori 
Jill and Megan
Alyssa and kait
Ash and Brett
Brock
Syd and Payton
A 
Baseball swing
Goal kick for rugby
Swimming start 
Foul shot
T push in hockey
Hurdles
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20
Q 
Lauren and me 
Em and kyra
Lexi and madi
Bri and Abbie 
Kacie and meg
A 
Badminton serve
Sprinters start
Backflip
Pirautte 
Kartwheel
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21
Q

Qualitative observations

A

Compare athlete to a model and see how they differ

Ex eyeball, videotape and films

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22
Q

Quantitative observations

A

Quantity of movement with numbers
Measurements on all parts of the body
Ex eyes and stopwatch, force platform, film analysis

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23
Q

Preliminary skill analysis

A

Exhibited prior to force generated actions

Ex stance for foul shot

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24
Q

Force production skill analysis

A

All body movements generating force to complete task or skill
Ex approach for long jump

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25
Critical instant skill analysis
Point of impact or release | Ex impact of birdie during smash
26
Post critical skill analysis
Conclude skill, body recovers from force producing actions | Ex follow through of a kick
27
Chronological age
Measured in years or time
28
Skeletal age
Indicated by the physical maturity of the skeleton, nutrition, disease, and major injuries can slow I️t down
29
Developmental age
Ones ability to perform certain tasks (developmental milestones)
30
Gender differences in Growth
``` Stature Weight Heart rate Stroke volume Body composition Flexibility Muscular strength ```
31
Stature growth diff
At birth genders are the same but 10-11 for G and 12-13 for B, hormonal changes cause the body to grow taller more rapidly
32
Weight growth diff.
Don’t differ at birth By fifth month weight has double and by second year weight decreases Adolescence causes sharp increase in body weight do to increase in heigh and changes in body
33
Heart rate growth diff.
Boys are approximately 10% lower than girls
34
Stroke volume growth diff
Females generally have lower stroke volume than males both rest and during exercise
35
Body comp growth diff
After puberty girls have a greater percentage of body fat
36
Flexibility growth diff
Females have greater flex. But I️t declines with age for both
37
Muscular strength growth diff.
Female strength peaks in late teens but for males it peaks during the 20s After puberty females have less strength due to loss of male hormone testosterone
38
Factors affecting growth
``` Glandular/hormonal Hereditary Nutrition and diet Physical activity Social economic status/class factors ```
39
Glandular/hormonal growth factor
Hormones affect metabolism | Glands suffer from from diseases
40
Hereditary growth factor
Parents genes influence size and somatotype
41
Nutrition and diet of growth factor
Inadequate/unbalanced diet leads to physical development issues
42
Physical activity growth factor
Lack of activity | Harmful/excessive exercise
43
Socio-economic status/class factors growth factors
Depends on opportunity /values, diet, sleep
44
Models of human motion
Practicle Stick figure Rigid body segment
45
Practicle model
Simple dot representing the centre of mass of the body or object Used when the body or object is airborne Ex baseball or diving
46
Stick figure model
Represents athletes who are in contact with the ground or other earth bound objects Ex diving board or starting block Rigid sticks linked together at the joints
47
Rigid body segment
3D allows analyses of vigorous motion | Sophisticated computer motion analyses systems are used
48
Types of motion
Linear Angular General
49
Linear motion
Occurs when all parts of the body move the same distance in the same direction and at the same time (translation) Ex a skaters glide Straight (rectilinear), curved (curvilinear)
50
Angular motion
Moving on a circular path and in the same direction The line which bodies rotate is the axis of rotation Ex gymnast doing giant swings on bar Flex extend
51
General motion
Combination of the two | Gymnast floor routine
52
Components of human growth and development
Growth Maturation Motor development
53
Growth component
Measurable changes in size, quantity, or functioning of the body or a part of I️t
54
Maturation component
Extent of a particular underlying characteristic like body changes during puberty (biological state)
55
Motor development component
How movement behaviour changes over times because of influences from ones biological system and environment
56
Areas of human development
Physical cognitive Social Motor skills
57
Physical development
Maturity of muscles, bones, and energy systems
58
Cognitive development
Interpret and process information and knowledge
59
Social development
Create and sustain relationships with people
60
Motor skills development
Movement (running) handling (throwing) | Balancing g
61
Principle of individual differences
Individuals vary widely in terms of how quickly and easily they learn new skills
62
Stages of motor learning FITTS AND POSNERS
cognitive Associative Autonomous
63
Cognitive stage
Basic understanding of task, learner commits relatively large errors; may need specific instruction on how to improve
64
Associative stage
Learner begins to refine skill, develop awareness of mistakes
65
Autonomous stage
Skill becomes automatic | Aware of mistakes and how to correct them
66
Five step method for teaching a skill
``` Readying Imaging Focusing Executing Evaluating ```
67
Readying skill teach
Preparatory | Attain ideal mental and emotional state
68
Imaging skill teach
Develop picture in mind of correct skill execution
69
Focusing skill teach
Zero in on skill | Zoning out opponents
70
Executing skill teach
Learner attempts skill after completing first three stages
71
Evaluating skill teach
Asses which aspects of skill were successful and which needed improvement
72
Types of feedback
KR- knowledge of results of an action Ex foul shot, did the ball go into the net KP- knowledge of performance Ex foul shot, was there proper form?
73
Open skills
Performed in an unpredictable environment, requires participants to adapt their movements to changing nature of environment, environmental conditions are in motion (soccer)
74
Closed skill
Predictable environment | Permits participants to plan movements in advance, environmental conditions are stationary (volleyball)

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