Human Taxonomy

Question 1

is biocultural and biosocial. We cannot understand biology without culture, and vice-versa.

Answer 1

Anthropology

Question 2

It deals with the past, with ongoing, evolution, adaptation, with many important applications for health and medicine, nutrition, forensics.

Answer 2

Biological Anthropology

Question 3

Biologists, following folk concepts, originally thought of two kingdoms:

Answer 3

Plants and Animals

Question 4

has its medieval roots

Answer 4

Kingdom

Question 5

is related to dominion.

Answer 5

Domain

Question 6

They provide emic or insider concepts on how a culture classifies human and non-human actors and objects of cultural significance. For example,
in the Philippines, some tribes may classify animals differently from the scientific and conventional way.

Answer 6

Biological ethno-taxonomies

Question 7

Kings Play Chess On Fine Green Sand

Answer 7

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 8

Kingdom;

Answer 8

Animalia

Question 9

Phylum;

Answer 9

Chordata

Question 10

Class;

Answer 10

Mammalia

Question 11

Order;

Answer 11

Primata

Question 12

Family;

Answer 12

Hominidae

Question 13

Genus;

Answer 13

Homo

Question 14

Species;

Answer 14

sapiens

Question 15

Human scientific name;

Answer 15

Homo sapiens

Question 16

can demonstrate the evolution of major organisms. Modern humans are one of the most recent organisms to have developed. Our roots go much deeper, however, as our ancestors appeared millions of years ago.

Answer 16

Earths geologic timescale

Question 17

take time to be created.

Answer 17

Fossils

Question 18

are examples of what we call living fossils.

Answer 18

horseshoe crab, cockroach, and the assassin bug

Question 19

are primates that belong to family Hominidae.

Answer 19

Humans

Question 20

include gorillas, chimpanzee, apes, and humans.

Answer 20

Hominids

Question 21

Among these members, only humans and chimpanzees can be considered as

Answer 21

Hominins

Question 22

all hominins are hominids;

Answer 22

but not all hominids are hominins.

Question 23

Hominins have anatomical characteristics that reflect two fundamental behaviors:

Answer 23

bipedal locomotion and non-honing chewing.

Question 24

allows us to walk, run, and stand on one foot and stand taller.

Answer 24

bipedal locomotion

Question 25

enables us to eat hard food but leaves our teeth subject to wear and tear.

Answer 25

non-honing chewing.

Question 26

is common among non-hominins. Their teeth become sharper as they chew.

Answer 26

Honing chewing

Question 27

Human heads sit on top of the body trunk. Ape heads sit on the front fo the trunk.

Answer 27

Position of the Foramen Magnum

Question 28

Position of the body trunk’s center of gravity above the pelvis, providing more stability during walking and running in humans. Remember Apes move using their four limbs.

Answer 28

Shape of the Spine

Question 29

Enhances stability of the pelvis during standing, walking and running.

Answer 29

Shape of the Pelvis

Question 30

Increases stride efficiency in bipedal humans. In apes, arm length reflects increased supersensory use in trees.

Answer 30

Length of the Leg

Question 31

Places the feet together beneath the center of gravity that provides stability in walking, running, and grounding of one foot during locomotion.

Answer 31

Valgus Knee

Question 32

The arch in human foot gives increased leverage as the body pushes forward and serves as a shock absorber when the feet make contact with the ground. Flat footedness is an adaptation of their feet for grasping.

Answer 32

Longitudinal Foot Arch

Question 33

In humans the foot serves to support the body during walking and running in humans. In apes toes have dual functions. This includes terrestrial walking, grasping and manipulating objects. Humans have lost the ability to manipulate objects with their toes.

Answer 33

Opposable Big Toe

Question 34

Chewing muscles are called?

Answer 34

Masticatory Muscles

Question 35

The vertical orientation of the temporalis muscle

Answer 35

in humans allow us to crush food.

Question 36

the muscle is oriented horizontally

Answer 36

In non-human primates, producing slicing motions.

Question 37

is the outermost layer of the exposed part of a tooth. it is the hardest substance in the human body.

Answer 37

enamel

Question 38

is thicker than chimpanzees because of our diets heavy in hard food such as seeds and nuts.

Answer 38

Human enamel

Question 39

Scientists have hypothesized about the

Answer 39

Emergence of Hominins

Question 40

Hypothesis in emergence of hominins

Answer 40

Hunting patchy forest provisioning

Question 41

Hunting Hypothesis models the shift from life in the trees to life on the ground. Who proposed this hypothesis?

Answer 41

Charles Darwin

Question 42

H.H assumes that our ancestors were arboreal Arboreal means what?

Answer 42

Lived on trees

Question 43

the shift from life in the trees to life on the ground.

Answer 43

Hunting Hypothesis

Question 44

Explains the emergence of hominins due to the patching of African forests.

Answer 44

patchy forest hypothesis

Question 45

Who proposed the patchy forest hypothesis?

Answer 45

Peter Rodman and Henry McHenry

Question 46

This lead to more dispersed food sources and searching food in open land. Bipedalism freed the hands of hominins allowing them to pick up food.

Answer 46

patchy forest hypothesis

Question 47

states that hominins emerged due to increased infant survival rates among humans and their species.

Answer 47

Provisioning Hypothesis

Question 48

Provisioning Hypothesis is proposed by whom?

Answer 48

Owen Lovejoy

Question 49

Due to provisioning roles of parents, the survival of both offspring and parents is ensured. As fathers find food to provide for their families, mothers are given time to take care of their offspring. This gives the latter time to recover from successive births.

Answer 49

Provisioning Hypothesis

Question 50

You can see that our common ancestors are:

Answer 50

Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Ororin tugenensis, and Ardipithecus

Question 51

gave rise to Homo habilis from which emerged the Homo erectus.

Answer 51

Australopithecus garhi

Question 52

The most famous Australopithecine is

Answer 52

Lucy

Question 53

Recently, the fossil remains of 3-year-old child were recovered and nicknamed

Answer 53

Lucy's baby

Question 54

The name Lucy was derived from a song by

Answer 54

The Beatles

Question 55

was the first hominin to have anatomical and behavioral characteristics that foreshadowed the evolution of Homo sapiens; greater intelligence, reliance on tools, and dietary and behavioral flexibility.

Answer 55

Homo habilis (2.5 – 1.8 mya)

Question 56

Homo habilis remains were discovered in

Answer 56

Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, South Africa.

Question 57

They manifested tool use, they had smaller face, smaller jaws, and smaller teeth. Increased intelligence is supported by increase in brain volume. There was no significant change in body size and leg to arm ratio.

Answer 57

Homi habilis

Question 58

were dated after the homo habilis. The differences in dates indicate that the two species may have overlapped.

Answer 58

Homo erectus

Question 59

it is the ‘upright man.’

Answer 59

Homo erectus

Question 60

The lack of a sagittal crest indicated that the species had smaller chewing muscles, reflecting a much softer diet. The genus had much smaller molars and thinner enamel, reflecting its softer diet.

Answer 60

Homo erectus

Question 61

Dating technologies reveal the movement of Homo erectus out of

Answer 61

Africa

Question 62

H. erectus marked

Answer 62

beginning of globalization

Question 63

are the first of our species, beginning some 350,000 yBP (years before present) globally and evolving locally from earlier H. erectus populations.

Answer 63

Archaic Homo sapiens

Question 64

evidence of housing structures, large- game hunting, fishing and use of aquatic resources after 100,000 yBP, increased use of various raw materials besides stone after 100,000 yBP, skilled tool production, Burial of deceased after 100,000 yBP, symbolic behavior, social care of sick and injured, and articulate speech is likely.

Answer 64

Culture and behavior of archaic H. sapiens

Question 65

are late archaic Homo sapiens who are believed to have roamed Europe.

Answer 65

Neandertals (Homo neanderthalensis)

Question 66

The average lifespan of Neandertals is

Answer 66

35 years.

Question 67

Evidence showed that they had some reliance on tools and had a nomadic culture

Answer 67

Neandertals

Question 68

In 2003, the_______ was discovered in Flores Island, Indonesia.

Answer 68

Flores Woman

Question 69

This “Hobbit” represents a group of early hominins that evolved in isolation in the far western Pacific region. Others believed this skeleton belonged to a modern human who had some developmental or genetic abnormality. The species was named____?

Answer 69

Homo floresiensis.

Question 70

include use of upper paleolithic tools, increased visible symbolic behavior (cave art), burial of deceased with grave woods, decreased hunting, increased fishing, consumption of aquatic food and likely more plants, and reduced focus on big- game animals. Technology changes reflect increased focus on fishing using bone and harpoons. (Slide 51-52)

Answer 70

Culture and behavior of early modern H. sapiens

Question 71

Human animals possess_______that make them human

Answer 71

six characteristic

Question 72

6 characteristic

Answer 72

bipedalism that developed 6 mya. nonhoning chewing that developed 5.5.mya. material culture and tools that developed 3.3 mya. speech that developed 2.5 mya hunting that develop 1 mya. domestication of food that developed 11,000 years ago