icing and runway incursions

Question 1

Runway Incursion

Answer 1

A Runway Incursion is any occurrence at an aerodrome involving the incorrect presence of an aircraft, vehicle, or person on the protected area of a surface designated for the landing and takeoff of aircraft. Communication, airport knowledge, cockpit procedure lead to runway incursion.

Question 2

Hotspot

Answer 2

runway safety related problem complex or confusing taxiway or taxiway intersections. A spot that has had issues with runway incursions in the past

Question 3

Runway excursion

Answer 3

overrun of the runway surface. Landing and not stopping on time or veering off the runway

Question 4

EMAS

Answer 4

slows an aircraft down if overrunning occurs

Question 5

2 types of icing

Answer 5

Structural and induction

Question 6

Structural

Answer 6

visible moisture at the freezing level. 0 degrees Celsius. Flying through rain or clouds. We lose 2 degrees per 1000 feet.

Question 7

Clear icing

Answer 7

glossy, clear, or translucent ice. Formed by slow freezing of water. Warmer temperature, higher water, content, and larger droplets. Hits the aircraft spreads out then freezes. Warmer than -10c

Question 8

Rime

Answer 8

rough, milk, and opaque ice formed by the instantaneous freezing of small supercooled water droplets. Colder than -15c. Colder temps, lower water content, smaller droplets. Hit the leading edge of the wing then freeze.

Question 9

Mixed

Answer 9

mix of clear and Rime ice. Due to variations of water contents, temperature, and water droplet size. Between -15 and -10 c

Question 10

Reporting icing

Answer 10

Whenever reporting ice you say the type and the intensity
Ice intensity. AIM 7-1-19
Trace-less than ¼ inch per hour
Light- ¼- 1 inch per hour
Moderate- 1-3 inches per hour
Severe- more than 3 inches per hour

Question 11

Induction ice

Answer 11

Carb icing, intake, and impact icing

Question 12

Carburetor ice

Answer 12

develops a low pressure than creates a rapid decrease in temperature. Below 70F or 21C and the humidity is above 80%. Can occur as high as 100F and humidity as low as 50%. Restrict the flow of mixture, the engine can stop. Carb heat,warms up the air and gets rid of the icing. The power output will decrease, less air is getting to the engine because warm air isn’t as dense as cold air. Enriches the mixture, really shouldn’t be used while at full power

Question 13

Intake and impact icing

Answer 13

ice forms on the intake. Decrease of rpm and you turn on the alternate air. The air is coming from a different source a heated source

Question 14

Stratiform clouds

Answer 14

Rime and mixed icing. Horizontal clouds so climb if you come in contact

Question 15

Cumuliform clouds

Answer 15

Big vertical small horizontal. Clear and mixed ice and rime at the upper levels because its colder and smaller droplets. Lower level larger droplets.

Question 16

Anti-icing

Answer 16

prevents icing from formation

Question 17

De-icing

Answer 17

gets rid of ice that has already formed

Question 18

Icing formation

Answer 18

forms on the smaller parts of the plane. Leading edge and wing root for example

Question 19

De-icing boots

Answer 19

leading edge is rubber. Inflates and breaks the ice

Question 20

Weeping wings

Answer 20

uses small holes located in the leading edge of the wing to prevent the formation and buildup of ice. An antifreeze solution is pumped to the leading edge and weeps out through the holes

Question 21

Bleed air

Answer 21

The hot air is bled off from the aircraft’s engines and fed through to all the critical surfaces of the plane. Bleed air is also used to heat the engine intakes to prevent ice from forming, accumulating, breaking loose, and being ingested by the engine, which could damage it.

Question 22

Frost

Answer 22

when an outside surface cools past the dew point. The dew point is the point where the air gets so cold, the water vapor in the atmosphere turns into liquid. This liquid freezes. If it gets cold enough, little bits of ice, or frost, form. The ice is arranged in the form of ice. Temperature and dewpoint below freezing crystals. Temperature and dewpoint below freezing.

Question 23

Frost effects

Answer 23

disrupt the airflow the flows over the wing. Frost snow and ice formed on wind with the thickness of sandpaper can decrease lift about 30% and increase drag by 40%

Question 24

Freezing rain

Answer 24

deep cold layer, deep warm layer, then deep cold layer

Question 25

Hale

Answer 25

updrafts and downdrafts rain eventually freezes and can’t escape the updraft repeatedly until its thick enough to fall through the updraft and escapes

Question 26

Anvil cloud

Answer 26

don’t fly under because of the hale. Completely avoid it