II Final Flashcards
(176 cards)
1
Q
PCV: Cat Normal
A
24-45%
2
Q
PCV: Dog Normal
A
37-55%
3
Q
Immune Mediated Dz: Blood Smear Abnormalities
A
spherocytes, agglutination
4
Q
Anemia: Classifications
A
bone marrow dysfunction, destruction, loss
5
Q
Immune Mediated Hemolytic Anemia: Pathophysiology
A
antibody attachment to RBC
6
Q
What is main form of IMHA in dogs?
A
primary
7
Q
IMHA: Dx
A
CBC/chem
8
Q
IMHA: Tx
A
supportive, immunosuppression
9
Q
T/F: Transfusing with Whole Blood will raise the platelet count
A
False
Transfusing with whole blood will NOT raise the platelet count
10
Q
Tranfusion: Required Volume Equation
A
k x BW x (desired PCV-recipient PCV)/donor PCV
k=90 for dogs; =60 for cats
11
Q
Thrombocytopenia: Forms
A
inadequate production, consumption, destruction, sequestration
12
Q
Thrombocytopenia: Production DDx
A
ehrlichia, estrogen toxicity, drugs
13
Q
Thrombocytopenia: Destruction DDx
A
immune mediated, infection, venom
14
Q
Thrombocytopenia: Consumption DDx
A
acute hemorrhage, DIC
15
Q
Thrombocytopenia: Sequestration DDx
A
splenomegaly
16
Q
Immune Mediated Thrombocytopenia: Lab
A
platelet less than 50,000, inc. megakaryopoeisis, microthombocytosis
17
Q
IMTP: Dx
A
rule out
18
Q
IMTP: Tx
A
supportive
19
Q
What clotting factors are Vit. K dependant?
A
II, VII, IX, X
20
Q
DIC: Lab
A
inc. aPTT, PT, FDP
thrombocytopenia, schistocytes,
dec. antithrombin
21
Q
DIC: Tx
A
treat primary dz, supportive
22
Q
Paraneoplastic Syndrome: Examples
A
cancer cachexia, hypercalcemia, hyperhistaminemia, hypoglycemia
23
Q
Cancer Cachexia: Definition
A
wt. loss despite adequate nutrition
24
Q
Gastroduodenal Ulcers: Pathophysiology
A
excess histamine =>inc. gatric acid secretion
25
Hypercalcemia: Pathogenesis
ectopic production of PTH => extensive bone lysis
26
Hypoglycemia: Neoplastic Etiologies
insulinoma, hepatic neoplasia, leiomyoma
27
Hyperestrogenemia: Effects
feminisation syndrome, anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia
28
Tumor: Dx
biopsy, FNA
29
Tumor: Grading Factors
degree of differentiation, mitotic index, necrosis
30
Tumor: Staging Factors
anatomical extent
| primary, node, metastasis
31
When is a patient in Clinical Remission?
no detectable tumor
32
When is a patient in Partial Response?
dec. in tumor volume by 50%
33
When is a patient in Stable Dz?
the tumor is between 50% dec. in size and 10% inc. in size
34
When is a patient in Progressive Dz?
>10% growth of tumor, new masses
35
Growth Fraction: Definition
ratio of G1/G2:G0 cells (higher fraction = greater chemo effect)
36
Alkylating Agent: MoA
creates cross-linked DNA
37
Antitumjor Antibiotics: MoA
DNA intercalation
38
Mitotic Inhibitors: MoA
inhibit mitosis
39
Platinum Compounds: MoA
cross-links DNA
40
Anti-Metabolites: MoA
interferes w/ transcription
41
Chemo Tx: Phases
induction, consolidation, maintenance, rescue
42
What is the order of tumors from most to least likely, to be affected by chemo?
hemopoietic, mast cell, solid carcinomas/sarcomas
43
Myelosuppression: Protocol Modifications
2-3x10^9/L - reduce dose by 25-50% -or- delay tx for 7d
1-2x10^9/L - non-pyrexic stop and monitor; pyrexic stop, give antibiotic
less than 1x10^9/L - hospitalize
44
What is Acute Tumor Lysis Syndrome?
rapid tumor cell death => ion release
45
Alkylating Drugs: Side Effects
mod.-severe myelosuppression, sterile hemorrhagic cystitis
46
Antitumor Antibiotics: Side Effects
sever myelosuppression, renal toxicity, GI, cardiomyopathy
47
Platinums: Side Effect
mild myelosuppression, GI, fatal pulmonary edema in cats, renal toxicity
48
Mitotic Inhibitors: Side Effects
mild myelosuppression, peripheral neuropathy
49
Radiation Therapy: MoA
DNA destruction, apoptosis
50
What are radiosensitive tumor types?
bone marrow, gonadal, embryonic
51
What are radioresistant tumor types?
bone, muscle, cartilage, connective tissue
52
Radiation: Acute Side Effects
mucositis, moist epidermal inflammation, alopecia, hyperpigmentation
53
Radiation: Fractionation Protocols
Palliative - high dose once weekly (hypofractionated)
Semi-Definitive - mod. dose 3x weekly
Definitive: low dose 5x weekly
54
Lymphoma: Sites and Signs
min. general malaise
Alimentary (cats) - v/d, inappetence
Mediastinal - cough, dyspnea, pleural effusion
55
Lymphoma: Dx
FNA, Biopsy, U/S, IHC
56
Lymphoma: Tx
Single agent - chlorambucil/ doxorubicin
| Multi-agent - CHOP
57
Lymphoma: Stages
```
I - single node/lymphoid tissue
II - several nodes in region
III - generalized lymph node involvement
IV - liver/spleen infiltration
V - bone marrow/other organ infiltration
```
58
T/F: When a Lymphoma patient Relapses, continuing the protocol is the best coarse of action.
False
| restart the original protocol
59
Leukemia: Acute vs Chronic Pathogenesis
Acute - transformation occurs early in the lineage => blasts
| Chronic - transformation occurs late in the lineage => mature
60
Leukemia: Dx
bone marrow, flow cytometry
61
Leukemia: Acute Tx
pred + vincristine + L-asparaginase
62
Multiple Myeloma: Signs
progressive anemia, hyperviscocity (gamma globulin)
63
Multiple Myeloma: Dx
rads, CBC/chem, monoclonal gammopathy
64
Multiple Myeloma: Tx
melphalan + pred, supportive
65
Mast Cell Tumor: Dx
FNA, biopsy
66
Mast Cell Tumor: Staging
I - dermal mass, no regional LNN involvement
II dermal mass w/ regional LNN involvement
III - infiltrating/multiple dermal masses w/ regional LNN involvement
IV - spread to liver/spleen
Substage a - no systemic signs
Substage b - systemic signs
67
Mast Cell Tumor: Tx
sx, radiation, vinblastine
68
Hemangiosarcoma: Signs
pain, pale mm
69
Hemangiosarcoma: Lab
dec. HTC, thrombocytopenia, schistocytes
70
Hemangiosarcoma: Dx
U/S - demarcated herteroechoic mass w/ anechoic pockets
71
Hemangiosarcoma: Tx
sx, doxorubicin
72
Osteosarcoma: Dx
DI, biopsy
73
Osteosarcoma: Prognosticators
less than 7yr/>10yr, ALKP doesn't resolve 40d post-op, location
74
Osteosarcoma: Tx
palliative, sx, chemo
75
Macule/Patch: Appearance
flat lesion with skin color change
76
Papule/Plaque: Appearance
raised, non-infiltrative solid lesion
77
Nodule: Appearance
raised, infiltrative lesion
78
Vesicle/Bulla: Appearnce
raised, fluid filled pocket
79
Pustule: Appearance
raised, pus filled pocket
80
Wheal: Appearance
raised, inflamed pocket
81
Epidermal Collarette: Appearance
superficial peeling skin associated w/ pustule, vesicle or bulla
82
Lichenification: Appearance
hyperpigmentation and thickening of skin (elephant like)
83
What are the 3 "Derm Diligence" tests?
scraping, cytology, culture (specifically DTM)
84
What are other Dermal tests?
acetate tape, trichogram, FNA, woods lamp, food trials, allergy testing
85
T/F: Only Dermatophytes will change DTM media red.
False
| Other organisms can change the color too.
86
Comedone: Appearance
dilated hair follicle filled with debris
87
Pruritis: Causes
Allergy, ectoparasites, infection
88
What factors help differentiate the cause of pruritis?
site of lesion, seasonality, response to tx
89
Which pruritic dzs have a non-stop (10) itch?
scabies, FAD, food allergy
90
Pyoderma: Types
surface - pyotraumatic dermatitis (hot spot), intertigo (fold rash)
superficial - impetigo, superficial bact. folliculitis
Deep - folliculitis, lick granuloma
91
Pyoderma: Signs
pustules, papules, crusts
92
Pyoderma: Tx
Surface - topical antibiotics
Superficial - topical +/ systemic antibiotics, 1 wk beyond resolution
Deep - Systemic antibiotics, 2wk beyond resolution
93
Pyoderma: 1st Tier Systemic Antibiotics
1st gen cephalosporins, amoxicillin, clindamycin
94
Pyoderma: 2nd Tier Systemic Antibiotics
sulfas, erythomycin, lincomycin, doxycycline
95
Pyotraumatic Dermatitis: Appearance
acute moist dermatitis on hip/ear
96
Pyotraumatic Dermatitis: Tx
treat underlying dz, clip and clean
97
Impetigo: Appearance
pustular rash in axillary/inguinal area of young animals
98
Impetigo: Tx
self limiting, antibacterial shampoo
99
Nasal Folliculitis: Etiology
underlying dz => superficial/deep pyoderma on the bridge of the nose
100
Nasal Folliculitis: Tx
systemic antibiotics, topical cleaning
101
Canine Acne: Appearance
alopecia, non-painful, non-pruritic, comedone
102
Canine Acne: Tx
topical benzoyl peroxide
103
Lick Granuloma: Primary Etiology
atopy, food allergy
104
Lick Granuloma: Perpetuating Factors
deep pyoderma, ruptured follicles, compulsive behavior
105
LIck Granuloma: Tx
treat underlying dz (glucocorticoids), treat perpetuating factor
106
Malassezia: Signs
pruritus, malodor, erythema, paronychia
107
Malassezia: Dx
cytology
108
Malassezia: Tx
anti-yeast shampoos, keto-/itra-conazole
109
Flea Allergy Dermatitis: Signs
papules + crusts on rump, ~> exoriation, alopecia, lichenification
110
FAD: Dx
observe fleas, allergy test
111
FAD: Tx
ectoparaciticides, treat any secondary infections
112
Atopy: Signs
pruritic, seasonal.
| affects face, ears, ventrum, feet
113
Atopy: Dx
signs, rule out
114
Atopy: Tx
immunotherapy, symptomatic, allergen avoidance
115
Food Allergy: Signs
pruritis, non-seasonal
116
Food Allergy: Dx
food trial - 4wks of novelty/hydrolyzed protein
117
Sarcoptes: Tx
topical dips
118
Miliary Dermatitis: Appearance
rxn crusted papules, erythema, secondary alopecia
119
Eosinophilic Granuloma Complex: Forms
indolent ulcer - uni-/bi-lateral upper lip
Eosinophilc plaque - groin, raised ulcer
Colagenolytic granuloma - linear, pharyngeal, chin
120
Eosinophilic Granuloma Complex: Tx
parasite control, immunosuppression, sx
121
Folliculitis: Definition
inflammation of follicle wall
122
Furunculosis: Definition
rupture of follicle within the dermis
123
Injection Site Alopecia: Injections
rabies, lepto
124
Injection Site Alopecia: Dx
histo
125
Dermatophytosis: Hair Preference
anagen hair
126
Dermatophytoses: Tx
decontaminate environment, topical + systemic (itraconazole) antifungals
127
What drug do you not use to treat demodex?
glucocorticoids
128
Local Demodex: Tx
self resolving, treat secondary pyoderma
129
Generalized Demodex: Tx
ivermectin, treat secondary infections
130
Sebaceous Adenitis: Pathophysiology
inflammation and destruction of sebaceous glands
131
Sebaceous Adenitis: Long Hair Signs
alopecia, scaly appearance on head and feet
132
Sebaceous Adenitis: Short Hair Signs
moth eaten appearance
133
Sebaceous Adenitis: Dx
skin biopsy
134
Sebaceous Adenitis: Tx
baby oil/propylene glycol spray
135
Familial Dermatomyositis: Signs
muscle atrophy, progressive papules + vesicles -> pustules -> ulcers -> crusty alopecia
136
Familial Dermatomyositis: Dx
signs, histo
137
Familial Dermatomyositis: Tx
pentoxifylline, immunosuppression, treat seconary pyoderma
138
Endocrine Alopecia: Etiologies
hypothyroidism, hyperadrenocorticism
139
Alopecia X: Signs
progressive truncal hair loss, hyperpigmented skin,
140
Color Dilution Alopecia: Dx
melanin clumping in shaft on tricogram
141
Otitis Externa: Types of Factors
Primary, predisposing, perpetuation
142
Otitis Externa: Primary Factors
allergies, parasites, foreign body
143
Otitis Externa: Predisposing Factors
ear anatomy, excessive moisture, obstruction
144
Otitis Externa: Perpetuating Factors
secondary infection, ear pathology, otitis media
145
Otitis Externa: Signs
head shaking (=> hematoma), scratching ears, malodor
146
Otitis Externa: Dx
signs, otoscopic exam, cytology
147
Otitis Externa: Tx
topicals w/ antibiotic, steroid, antifungal, (antiparasitic), recheckin 7-10 days
148
When does Otitis Externa become chronic?
```
>/= 2mo of persistant otitis
>/= 6mo of recurrent otitis
```
149
Otitis Media: Signs
horner's syndrome, facial pralysis
150
Otitis Media: Dx
signs, abnormal tympanic membrane, rads
151
Otitis Media: Tx
myringotomy, sx
152
Zinc-Responsive Dermatosis: Signs
pruritis, scales, hyperkeratosis
153
Zinc-Responsive Dermatosis: Tx
supplementary zinc
154
Feline Acne: Signs
alopecia, crusts, and comedones on chin
155
Feline Acne: Tx
clean, treat secondary dzs
156
Vit. A-Responsive Dermatosis: Signs
progressive scaling from birth
157
Vit. A-Responsive Dermatosis: Tx
Vit. A suppliment
158
Schnauzer Comedone Syndrome: Signs
comedones on the back
159
Ear Margin Dermatitis: Signs
scaly ear margins w/ follicular casts and partial alopecia
160
Ear Margin Dermatosis:Tx
mild - shampoos
| complicated - pentoxifylline
161
Pemphigus Foliaceus: Etiology
Autoimmune dz
162
Pemphigus Foliaceus: Signs
pustules, vesicles, bulae, crusts, alopecia, scales
163
Pemphigus Foliaceus: Dx
biopsy
164
Pemphigus Foliaceus: Tx
avoid UV exposure
Localized - topical steroids, combo tetracycline + niacinamide
Generalized - immunosuppression
165
Superficial Necrolytic Dermatitis: Signs
hyperkeratiotic + crusty footpads
166
Superficial Necrotlytic Dermatitis: Dx
U/S - honey-comb liver/pancreas
| biopsy
167
Superficial Necrolytic Dermatitis: Tx
treat primary/secondary dz, high protein diet
168
Discoid Lupoid Erythematosus: Signs
hypopigmentation, erosions, and ulcers on the nose
169
DLE: Dx
biopsy, history, signs
170
DLE: Tx
avoid UV exposure
Localized - topical steroids, combo tetracycline + niacinamide
Generalized - immunosuppression
171
Vasculitis: Signs
purpura, necrosis, ulcers, ischemia
172
Vasculitis: Tx
Treat underlying cause
173
Erythema Multiforme: Signs
coalescing macules/papules => erosions/ulcers
174
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis: Signs
purpura, ulcers
175
T/F: Virus based Papillomatosis in a dog can not be transmitted.
False
| it can be transmitted
176
Nodular Panniculitis: Signs
raised, well demarcated lesions
