Exam 2

Question 1

Heartworm: Site of Infection

Answer 1

R. pulmonary artery

Question 2

Heartworm: Pathogenesis

Answer 2

dmged endothelium => inc. permeability, cough/dyspnea

vasoconstriction, bronchoconstriction, inflammation, fibrosis

Question 3

Which snap tests are better for dxing heartworm, Antibody or Antigen?

Answer 3

Antigen

Question 4

Heartworm: Basic Treatment Plan

Answer 4

pre-adulticide prophylaxys, adulticide, post-adulticide cage rest

Question 5

What is Post-caval Syndrome?

Answer 5

the worms back up into the rt. atrium => tricuspid insufficiency

Question 6

Bracheal Plexus Avulsion: Definition

Answer 6

stretching/tearing of bracheal plexus root

Question 7

Bracheal Plexua Avulstion: Signs

Answer 7

LMN, Horner’s Syndrome

Question 8

Nerve Root Tumor: Definition

Answer 8

PNS tumor that grows into CNS

Question 9

Nerve Root Tumor: Signs

Answer 9

slow progressive paresis, atrophy, excessive pain

Question 10

Fibrocartilaginous Emboli: Definition

Answer 10

piece of intervertebral disc enters spinal blood vessels

Question 11

Fibrocartilaginous Emboli: Signs

Answer 11

peracute paresis/paralysis, painless

Question 12

Degenerative Myelopathy: Definition

Answer 12

degeneration of axons and myelin in thoracolumbar spinal cord

Question 13

Degenerative Myelopathy: Signs

Answer 13

progressive paresis and ataxia, UMN

Question 14

Lumbosacral Malarticulation/formation: Types

Answer 14

Type II disc degeneration - annulus fibrosis (dorsal protrusion)
interarcuate lig. (ventral protrustion)
instability of joints

Question 15

Lumbosacral Malarticulation/formation: Signs

Answer 15

hunched posture, flaccid tail, incontinant, impaired sciatic function

Question 16

Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disc Dz: Hansen Type I

Answer 16

rupture of calcified nucleus pulposus

Question 17

Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disc Dz: Hansen Type II

Answer 17

slow protursion of nucleus pulposus => pressing

Question 18

What is the order of loss of function seen with intervertebral disc dz?

Answer 18

conscious proprioception
voluntary motor + continance
superficial pain
deep pain

Question 19

Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disc Dz: Grades

Answer 19

1 - inc esthesia w/o neuro signs
2 - paresis but ambulatory
3 - paresis but not ambulatory
4 - paralysis w/ deep pain
5 - paralysis w/o deep pain

Question 20

Discospondylitis: Definition

Answer 20

infection of end plates and disc => in new bone growth to encapsulate pushing up on cord

Question 21

Discospondylitis: Signs

Answer 21

hyperesthesia, fever, depression, wt loss

Question 22

Spondylitis: Definition

Answer 22

infection of vertebral body

Question 23

Vertebral/Spinal Neoplasia: Types

Answer 23

Extradural - outside cord dura
Intradural Intramedullary - inside the cord dura, part of the cord
Intradural Extramedullary - inside the dura, outside the cord

Question 24

Vertebral/Spinal Neoplasia: Signs

Answer 24

progressive UMN/LMN signs

Question 25

Cervical Disc Dz: Type 1

Answer 25

C3-4 or C5/7

Question 26

Cervical Disc Dz: Type II

Answer 26

C6/7 "Wobblers"

Question 27

Cervical Disc Dz: Signs

Answer 27

neck pain, tetraparesis

Question 28

Cervical Disc Dz: Dx

Answer 28

radiographs, myelogram

Question 29

Cervical Disc Dz: Tx

Answer 29

no deficits - cage rest | neuro signs - surgery

Question 30

Cervical Spondylomyelopathy: Signs

Answer 30

head guarding, tetraparesis, thoracic limb muscle atrophy

Question 31

Atlanto-Axial Subluxation: Appearance

Answer 31

dorsal displacement of axis => dens pushing up on cord

Question 32

Inflammatory Myopathies: Examples

Answer 32

idiopathic polymyositis, masticatory muscle myositis, extraocular myositis

Question 33

Extertional Myopathies: Examples

Answer 33

Hypokalemia, limber tail

Question 34

Degenerative/Developmental Myopathies: Examples

Answer 34

dystrophic myopathies, non-dystrophic myopaties, metabolic myopathies, myotonia, dermatomyositis

Question 35

Metabolic Myopathies: Examples

Answer 35

hypo/hyperthyroid, hyperadrenocoriticism, enzyme deficiencies

Question 36

End Plate Dz: Examples

Answer 36

myasthenia gravis, botulism

Question 37

Neuropathies: Examples

Answer 37

tick paralysis, tetanus, coonhound paralysis, protozoal polyradiculoneurititis

Question 38

Vestibular Dz: Forms

Answer 38

peripheral, central

Question 39

Peripheral Vestibular Dz: Signs

Answer 39

head tilt, circling, nystagmus

Question 40

Central Vestibular Dz: Signs

Answer 40

head tilt, circling, nystagmus, hemi/tetraparesis, RAS Depression

Question 41

Cerebellar Hypoplasia: Signs

Answer 41

wide stance, truncal ataxia, dysmetria, intention tremors

Question 42

Hydrocephalus: Signs

Answer 42

progressive, excited/depressed, tetraparesis

Question 43

Cranial Trauma: Types

Answer 43

Concussion, contusion

Question 44

What happens during a concossion?

Answer 44

transient unconsciousness, no lession

Question 45

What happens during a contussion?

Answer 45

focal hemorrhage and edma

Question 46

Cranial Hemorrhage: Origins

Answer 46

Extracerebral - meningeal vessels | Intracerebral - brain vessels

Question 47

What is Narcolepsy?

Answer 47

sudden attacks of sleep +/- cataplexy when excited

Question 48

Multiple Neurological Signs: Causes

Answer 48

Rabies, distemper, FIV

Question 49

Seizures: Categories

Answer 49

partial, general

Question 50

Partial Seizures: Types

Answer 50

motor => abnormal movements Psychomotor => spaces out, behavior change Sensory => sees/hears things

Question 51

Generalized Seizures: Phases

Answer 51

Preictal -> Ictal (tonic->clonic) -> Postictal

Question 52

What happens during the Tonic Phase?

Answer 52

sustained muscle contraction

Question 53

What happens during the Clonic Phase

Answer 53

running/paddling/chewing

Question 54

When do you start to treat seizures?

Answer 54

once they start to occure every 6-8wks

Question 55

What is Staticus Epilepticus?

Answer 55

recurring seizures w/o regaining consciousness -or- a seizure that last for more than 5min