II Exam 2 Flashcards
(149 cards)
1
Q
What are the 5 parts of the Eye Exam?
A
distant, neuro-ophthalmic, dx testing, pupillary dilation, orbital/ocular/intraocular assessment
2
Q
Distant Exam: Assessments
A
navigation, ocular symmetry, globe position, ocular motility
3
Q
Neuro-Ophthalmic Exam: Tests (CN assessed)
A
menace (II, VII), Dazzle (II, VII), PLR (II, III), palpebral (V, VII)
4
Q
Eye Dx Testing: Tests
A
1) schirmer,
2) fluorescein stain,
3) tonometry
5
Q
What drug is used to dilate the pupil?
A
0.5-1% tropicamide
6
Q
Buphthalmos: Definition
A
enlarged globe caused by inc. IOP
7
Q
Exophthalmos: Definition
A
normal sized globe protruding forward
8
Q
Exophthalmos: Etiologies
A
extension from orbit associated structures, primary orbital dz
9
Q
Exophthalmos: Dx
A
PE
10
Q
Exophthalmos: Tx
A
enucleation
11
Q
Orbital Cellulitis: Etiologies
A
puncture, foreign body, infectious, idiopathic inflammation
12
Q
Orbital Cellulitis: Signs
A
uni-/bilateral exophthalmos, hyperemia, conjuctivitis, acute onset
13
Q
Orbital Cellulitis: Dx
A
PE, U/S
14
Q
Orbital Cellulitis: Tx
A
topical/systemic antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, analgesia
15
Q
Extraocular Polymyositis: Signs
A
intermittent “surprised” look, non-painful/hyperemic
16
Q
Extraocular Polymositis: Dx
A
PE, muscle biopsy
17
Q
Extraocular Polymositis: Tx
A
corticosteroids
18
Q
Orbital Neoplaisa: Signs
A
progressive exophthalmia
19
Q
Orbital Neoplasia: Dx
A
U/S, DI, biopsy
20
Q
Orbital Neoplasia: Tx
A
chemo +/- radiation
21
Q
Proptosis: Definition
A
Eye pops out of socket
22
Q
Proptosis: Signs
A
inability to/incomplete blink, keratitis
23
Q
Proptosis: Tx
A
reduce (lateral canthotomy)
24
Q
Glaucoma: Etiology
A
dec. outflow of aqueous humor
25
Acute Glaucoma: Signs
unilateral, hyperemia, painful, mydriasis, retinal edema
26
Chronic Glaucoma: Signs
blind, buphthalmic, hyperemia
27
Secondary Glaucoma: Etiologies
uveitis, lens dzs, trauma
28
Glaucoma: Dx
tonometry (>25mmHg)
29
Acute Glaucoma: Tx
diuretics, moisis induction
30
Chronic Glaucoma: Tx
enucleation
31
What are the 5 layers of the eyelid?
skin, muscle, tarsal plate, glands, conjunctiva
32
Dermoid: Appearance
haired skin on the eye
33
Ankyloblepharon: Appearance
fused eyelids
34
Symblepharon: Appearance
adhesion of conjunctiva to itself/cornea
35
Trichiasis: Appearance
normal hairs contacting cornea
36
Distichiasis: Appearance
ectopic cilia erupt from meibomian gland
37
Blepharitis: Signs
red, discharge, pruritus
38
Blepharitis: Tx
antibiotics, anti-inflammatories (if fluorescein neg.)
39
Chalazion: Appearance
obstruction of Meibomian duct => non-painful swelling in lid
40
Hordeolum (stye): Appearance
meibomian gland infection => red, painful swelling in lid
41
How much tear production is the nictitans responsible for?
40%
42
Cherry Eye: Appearance
prolapse of nictitans gland
43
Cherry Eye: Tx
replace gland via sx
44
Conjunctivitis: Signs
hyperemia, chmosis, discharge, pruritus
45
Lymphoreticular Conjunctivitis: Appearance
enlarged follicles/blisters
46
Ligneous/Membranous Conjunctivitis: Appearance
thickened, proliferative conjunctiva
47
Plasmoma Conjunctivitis: Appearance
thick, depigmentated nictitans
48
Nodular Granulomatous Episcleritis: Appearance
proliferation of episclera and conjunctiva
49
Medial Canthal Pocket Syndrome: Conditions
deep orbits, enophthalmos, inadequate drainage
50
Medial Canthal Pocket Syndrome: Tx
cleaning regimen
51
What are the 3 layers of tear film?
inner mucin, middle aqueous, outer lipid
52
KCS: Signs
progressive, inflammation, desication, pain, corneal dz,vision loss
53
KCS: Etiologies
Congenital - aciar hypoplasia
| Acquired - immune mediated, non-immune mediated
54
KCS: Dx
schirmer tear test
55
KCS: Management
lacrimostimulant (cyclosporine A), anti-inflammatories, lube -or- parotid duct transposition
56
Epiphora: Signs
impaired tear drainage (tear stains)
57
Epiphora: Tx
flush cannulate punctum/nasolacrimal duct
58
What are the 5 layers of the Cornea?
tear film, epithelium, stroma, descemet's membrane, endothelium
59
Ulcerative Keratitis: Etiologies
trauma, anatomical abnormalities, infection, degeneration, nerve damage, KCS
60
Corneal Ulcers: Causes of Delayed Healing
infection, excess leukocyte enzymes, excess steroid, underlying dz
61
Superficial Corneal Ulcer: Depth
loss of corneal epithelium
62
Superficial Corneal Ulcer: Tx
topical antibiotics, mydriatic, recheck 1-4d
63
Indolent Ulcer: Definition
epithelium fails to attach in healing superficial ulcer
64
Indolent Ulcer: Tx
debride, grid/punctate kerototomy
65
Deep Ulcers: Depth
extends into stroma
66
Deep Ulcer: Tx
antibiotic drops, atropine, systemic NSAIDs, sx closure, conjunctival grafts
67
Superficial Punctate Keratitis: Signs
diffuse punctate ulcers across cornea
68
Superficial Punctate Keratitis: Etiology
qualitative tear film deficiency
69
Superficial Punctate Keratitis: Tx
immunosuppresion
70
Bullous Keratopathy: Appearance
stromal vesicles
71
Bullous Keratopathy: Tx
topical NaCl ointment, thermokeatoplasty
72
Pigmentary Keratitis: Etiology
inflammatory non-ulcerative dz => pigmented cornea
73
Chronic Superficial Keratitis: Signs
progressive, bilateral, inflammatory, non-ulcerative
74
Chronic Superficial Keratits: Tx
immunosuppresion, min UV exposure
75
Florida Keratopathy: Appearance
multifocal cotton-like opacities in corneal stroma
76
Florida Keratopathy: Tx
bengin neglect
77
Feline Eosinophilic Keratoconjunctivitis: Appearance
proliferative pink lesion from lateral conjunctiva
78
Feline Sequestrum: Appearance
focal cornea necrosis
79
Feline Sequestrum: Tx
remove irritant
80
Nuclear Sclerosis: Etiology
normal aging of lens
81
Cataract: Classification
incipient - less than 15% of lens affected
Immature - 15-99%
Mature - 100%
Hypermature - 100% w/ shrinking of lens
82
Cataract: Etiologies
hereditary, concurrent ocular dz, systemic dz (DM), trauma
83
Cataract: Tx
phacoemulsification
84
Lens Luxation: Etiology
zonule breakdown => luxation
85
Persistant Hyaloid Artery: Signs
cataract, hyphema, extends from optic nerve
86
What are the 3 parts of the Uvea?
iris, ciliary body, choroid
87
What produces aqueous humor?
ciliary body
88
Persistant Pupillary Membrane: Etiology
failure of complete regression of embryonic pupillary membrane
89
Colobomas: Appearance
holes/defects in iris/choroid
90
Iris Atrophy: Appearance
holes in iris
91
Uveal Cysts: Tx
benign neglect, aspirate/laser
92
Feline Diffuse Melanoma: Appearance
iris color change
93
Uveitis: Signs
aqueous flare (cloudiness), blepharospasm, corneal edema, miosis, hypopyon, hyphema
94
Uveitis: Tx
steroids, atropine
95
How many layers are in the retina?
10
96
Sudden Acquired Retinal Degeneration Syndrome: Signs
acute blindness, mydriasis
97
SARDS: Dx
ERG
98
Retinal Detachment: Etiologies
infection, drugs, hypertension, neoplasia
99
Chorioretinitis: Signs
Active - poorly demarcated retinal lesions
| Inactive: well demarcated, hypereflexive retinal lesion
100
IRIS: Subgrading
```
Grade I - less than 1.6mg/dL creatinine
Grade II - 1.7-2.5mg/dL
Grade III - 2.6-5mg/dL
Grade IV - 5.1-10mg/dL
Grade V - >10mg/dL
```
101
What are the Phases of Renal Failure?
initial -> extension -> maintenance -> recovery
102
Initial Phase: Presentation
no signs, inc. in Cre
103
Extension Phase: Presentation
signs start
104
Maintenance Phase:
| Presentation
urine is ultrafiltrate, 1-3wk duration
105
Acute Tubular Necrosis: Etiologies
intra-renal vasoconstriction, tubular dysfunction
106
Acute Tubular Necrosis: Dx
UA (casts)
107
Acute Tubular Necrosis: Tx
fluid/electrolyte management
108
How much urine is produced when the patient is Oliguric?
less than 0.5ml/kg/hr
109
Oliguria: Therapy
mannitol, furosemide
110
Supportive Care: Hyperkalemia
insulin and dextrose
111
Supportive Care: Hyercalcemia
diuresis, steroids
112
Supportive Care: Hyperphosphatemia
Al Carbonate
113
Supportive Care: Hypertension
amlodapine, hydralazine
114
What UP/C value is considered proteinuric?
>0.4
115
Chronic Kidney Dz: Signs
PU/PD, GI signs, lethargy, dehydration, underweight
116
Chronic Kidney Dz: Lab
azotemia, low SG, Chem (hyperphosphatemia, hypokalemia)
117
Chronic Kidney Dz: Dx
UA (proteinuria), culture, DI
118
Chronic Kidney Dz: Tx
treat underlying dz, supportive, diet (stage II)
119
Proteinuria: Etiologies
Physiological - Stress
Prerenal - inc. protein
Renal - inflammation/insuficiency
Postrenal - inflammation
120
Proteinuria: Dx
CBC, chem, UA, DI
121
Glomerulonephritis: Etiologies
immune complexes deposited in the glomeruli
122
Glomerulonephritis: Dx
BP, CBC, chem, biopsy
123
Glomerulonephritis: Signs
abdominal/pleural effusion, pitting edema
124
Glomerulonephritis: Tx
immunosuppresion (mycophenolate)
125
Ureteral Obstruction: Signs
acute uremia, big kidney little kidney
126
Ureteral Obstruction: Dx
DI, U/S
127
Ureteral Obstruction: Tx
stabalize, lithotripsy, ureteral stent
128
Urethral Obstruction: Signs
enlarged bladder, dysuria
129
Urethral Obstruction: Dx
U/S, DI
130
Urethral Obstruction: Tx
catheterize, cystotomy
131
Lower Urinary Tract Dz: Signs
dysuria, pollakiuria, stranguria, pigmenturia, incomplete voiding, incontinence
132
Lower Urinary Tract Dz: Dx
UA, rads, U/S, biopsy
133
What's the difference between Reinfection and Relapse UTI?
reinfection - different organism
| relapse - same organism
134
Urolithiasis: Types
struvite, calcium oxalate, cystine, urate, silicate, mixed
135
Urolithiasis: Struvite - Therapy
diet, treat concurrent infection
136
Urolithiasis: CaOx - Therapy
cystotomy
137
Urolithiasis: Urate - Therapy
diet
138
Feline Idiopathic Cystitis: Dx
rule out
139
FIC: Tx
client edu, environment (reduce stress, inc. litter boxes, water sources, activity)
140
UMN Bladder: Signs
small bladder, small volumes of urine, difficulte to expressing
141
LMN Bladder: Signs
large bladder, easily expressed, constantly leaks
142
Reflex Dyssynergia: Pathophysiology
urethral sphincter spasms when detrusor contracts
143
Reflex Dyssynergia: Tx
a-adrenergic blockers
144
Urinary Incontinence: Etiology
urinary sphincter mechanism incompetence
145
Urinary Incontinence: Dx
contrast rads, urethral pressure profilometry
146
Urinary Incontinence: Tx
bovine collagen injection, colposuspension and urethropexy
147
Ectopic Ureter: Sings
wet coat, inflammed perineum
148
Ectopic Ureter: Dx
contrast DI
149
Ectopic Ureter: Tx
cystoscopic laser ablation
