ILS_Practical_1&2

Question 1

Description of Anatomical Position

1. Head, gaze, eyes, toes directed ________
2. arms ________ to the ________ with the palms facing ________
3. lower limbs ________with feet ________

Answer 1

1. anteriorly (forward)
2. adjacent, sides, anteriorly
3. close together, parallel

Question 2

Median Plane

Answer 2

• verticle anterior-posterior plane passing longitudinally through the midline
• divides the body into equal left and right halfs = mid-sagittal

Question 3

Saggital Plane

Answer 3

• verticle and perpendicular to an oberver facing the body
• divides the body into right and left parts & lateral and medial parts (para-median)

Question 4

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

Answer 4

• verticle and perpendicular to an observer facing the body
• divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) parts
  *

Question 5

Transverse (Horizontal/Axial) Plane

Answer 5

• hortizontal and perpendicular to an observer facing the body
• divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) parts
• transverse planes produce images referred to as cross-sections

Question 6

Superficial

Answer 6

• nearer to the surface
• ex) the muscles of the arm are superficial to the bone (humerous)

Question 7

Superior

Answer 7

• nearer to the head
• ex) the heart is superior to the stomach

Question 8

Palmar versus Dorsal

Answer 8

• anterior hand (palm)
• posterior hand (dorsum)

Question 9

Plantar versus Dorsal

Answer 9

• inferior foot surface (sole = plantar)
• superior foot surface = dorsum

Question 10

Proximal

Answer 10

• nearer to the trunk or the pointof origin
• the elbow is prximal to the wrist
• the proximal part of the artery is its beginning

Question 11

Distal

Answer 11

• farther from trunk or point of origin
• the distal part of the upper limb is the hand

Question 12

Anterior/ Ventral

Answer 12

• nearer to the front
• the toes are anterior to the ankle

Question 13

posterior/dorsal

Answer 13

• nearer to the back
• the heel is posterior to the toes

Question 14

lateral

Answer 14

• further from the median plane
• the first digit thumb is on the lateral side of the hand

Question 15

medial

Answer 15

• nearer to the median plane
• the little finger is on the medial side of the hand

Question 16

deep

Answer 16

• farther from the surface
• the humerous is deep to the arm muscles

Question 17

flexion

Answer 17

bending or decreasing the angle between the bones or the parts of the body

Question 18

extension

Answer 18

straightening or increasing the angle between the bones or the parts of the body

Question 19

abbduction

Answer 19

moving away from the median plane

Question 20

adduction

Answer 20

moving toward the median plane

Question 21

suppination

Answer 21

rotating the axis laterally and uncrossing it from the ulna

Question 22

pronation

Answer 22

• rotating the radius medially so that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly and its dorsum faces anteriorly
• POURING the bowl of soup

Question 23

Eversion

Answer 23

• moves the sole of the foot away from the median plane
• turning the sole laterally

Question 24

Inversion

Question 25

dorsiflexsion

Answer 25

flexion at the ankle joint by lifting the front of the foot and **toes off the ground**

Question 26

plantarflexion

Answer 26

bends the foot and **toes toward the ground**, like when you stand on your toes

Question 27

what are these lines called?

Answer 27

Regional Anterior Lines (front of the body)

Question 28

Label A, B, C, and D

Answer 28

* A) parasternal line (on the _sternum_) * B) midclavicular line (like starts at the _middle of the clavicle​_) * C) anterior axillary line (starts at the _armpit = axill)_ * D) umbillical-pelvic line

Question 29

What are these lines called? Label E, F, G, H

Answer 29

* Called posterior regional lines (back of the body) * E = paravertible line (line parallel to the _vertibra_) * F = scapular line (line starts at the _scapula_) * G = posterior axillary line (line starts at _armpit = axill_) * H = illac crest

Question 30

muscular system

Answer 30

consists of: * **skeletal** muscles that contract to move positions of the body * **smooth** and **cardiac** muscles that _propels, expels, or controls_ the flow of fluids and contained substance

Question 31

Nervous Systems consists of .... and does what? (1)

Answer 31

* central nervous system: * brain * spinal cord * peripheral nervous system: * nerves/ganglia * together with their motor and sensory endings * sense organs * olfactory (smell) * eye/visual (*opthalmology)* * ear (hearing/balance = *otology*) * gustatory (taste) (1) controls and coordinates the function of the organ systems, enabling body's responses within its environment

Question 32

respiratory system consists of...

Answer 32

* air **passages** and **lungs** * suplies O2 to blood and eliminates CO2 * **diaphram and larynx** control the FLOW of AIR * produces tone which is modifd by tongue, teeth, and lips into SPEECH

Question 33

urinary system consists of...

Answer 33

* kidneys - filter blood * ureters - produce urine * bladder - store urine * urethra - excrete urine

Question 34

cardiovascular system consists of...

Answer 34

* heart * blood vessels - propel and guide blood through the body to deliver nutrients/O2/hormones while removing waste products

Question 35

endocrine system consists of...

Answer 35

* scructures that secrete hormones (ductless endocrine glands like the THYROID gland) * isolated and clustered gut cells and blood vessel walls * specialized nerve endings

Question 36

hormones are... hormones influence...

Answer 36

* organic molecules that are _carried_ by the circulatory system (although they themselves are from the endocrine system) to **distant effector cells** all over body * influence of ES is as broad as the NS \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ * metabolism * menstral cycle * pregnancy * parturation (childbirth)

Question 37

reproductive system consists of...

Answer 37

* gonads (ovaries and testies) * produce oocytes (eggs and spem) * ducts that transport the oocytes * genetalia that enable their union

Question 38

gastrointestial system consists of...

Answer 38

* the digestive tract from **mouth to the anus** (w/ all associated organs&glands that aid in...) * ingestion * **mastication** (chewing) * **deglutination** (swallowing) * digetsion * absorption of food and the elimination of solid waste

Question 39

what is serous fluid and what is its function?

Answer 39

* serous membranes secrete a **lubricating** fluid (serous fluid) * allows the layers of the **PLEURA** (**pericardium** and **peritonium**) to _move in relation to each other_ * providing a bit of **mobility** to **ensheated organs** (lung, **heart**, instenstines)

Question 40

pericardial cavity is... the cavity facillitates...

Answer 40

* **space** forward between the two layers of the serous **pericardium** around the heart * contains a small amount of **serous fluid** to **reduce** the surface **tension** and **lubricate** \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ * the **free movement** of the heart

Question 41

mediastinum

Answer 41

* area in chest BETWEEN lungs * contains heart * part of trachea * esophogus * the great vessels, including the ascending aorta

Question 42

thoracic cavity/ chest cavity

Answer 42

* **second largest hollow space of body** * enclosed by the **ribs, vertebral column, sternum** * **SEPERATED** from the *abdominal cavity (the largest hollow space)* by a **_muscular membrane partition_** called the **DIAPHRAM**

Question 43

abdominal cavity

Answer 43

* **largest** hollow space of the body * vertically _enclosed_ by the _vertebral column_ and the _abdominal/_other muscles * contains: * large part of digestive tract * liver * pancreas * spleen * kidneys * adrenal glands (located above kidneys)

Question 44

pelvic cavity

Answer 44

* **funnel shaped space** surrounded by the _pelvic bones_ * contains: * bladder * rectum * genetals * reproductive organs * pevlic cavity + abodominal cavity = larger **abdominopelvic** cavity