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MCM_Y1_1S > ILS_Practical_7 > Flashcards

ILS_Practical_7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Types of Tissues (4)

A
  1. connective
  2. muscle
  3. nervous
  4. epitheillial
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2
Q

Epithelial Tissue Functions (3)

A

they either protect or secrete

  1. covers body surfaces
  2. lines hollow organs, body cavities, vessels and ducts
  3. forms endocrine/exocrine glands
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3
Q

Epithelial Tissues Key Features

A
  1. polarized (top = apical pole, bottom = basal pole)
  2. may have apical modifications (cilia)
  3. basal pole adheres to the basement membrane
    1. connects with other cells via cell junctions
  4. majority form membrane with free size that serves as a selective barrier
    1. few form glands made of epitheliod tissues
  5. tissue is typically avascular, so nutrition is delivered via nerve supply
  6. cells may be sloughed off apical surface and replaced by mitotic cells in the basal layer
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4
Q

Classic Examples of Epithelial Tissue Barriers

A
  1. Trachae = ciliated, pseudostratified columnar epithelium
  2. Skin = keratinied, stratified squamous epithelium
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5
Q

Basement Membrane

A
  • thin, fiberous, sheet-like type of ECM
  • functions as a platform to attach epithelial cells to underlying connective tissue
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6
Q

Basal Membrane is made of… (2)

A
  1. Basal Lamina
    1. made of collagen IV & collagen VII (defective in Epidermolysis bullosa)
    2. fibrillin (defective in Marfan Syndrome)
    3. hemidesmosomes
  2. Recticular Lamina
    1. secreted by fibroblasts in underlying connective tissue
    2. composed of collagen III reticular fibers (not always present)
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7
Q

Lamina Propria

A
  • consists of irregular conective tissue that supports nerve/vessel structurs & nourishes the epithellium
  • located under the basement membrane
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8
Q

Apical Modifications: Microvilli

A
  • short
  • present on tissues involved in absportion
    • ​Epethelial Cells of:
      1. small intestines
      2. kidney tubules
      3. sensory organs
  • increases surface area & absortive capacity
  • core is actin microfillaments (lack 9+2 structure)
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9
Q

Apical Modifications: Stereocilia

A
  • immotile, slightly longer than microvilli
  • RARE
    • seen only in cells lining
      1. epididymis (next to testes)
      2. proximal vas deferens
      3. hair cells of cochlea (inner ear)
  • core contains actin microfillaments (lack 9+2 structure)
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10
Q

Apical Modifications: Cilia

A
  • motile: sweeping motion that moves mucous along surface
  • present in tissue involving muscous transport:
    • epithelial cells of respiratory tract
    • epithelial cells of fallopian tubes
  • core containing microtubules (9+2 configuration)
    • ​dynein arms (ATP-dependent motor protein) enable tubule sliding so cilia bends
    • attached at base by basal bodies (centrioles) , which control the DIRECTION of cilia movement
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11
Q

The 5 Kinds of Cell Junctions

A
  1. tight junction
  2. adherens junction
  3. desmosome
  4. gap junction
  5. hemidesmosome
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12
Q

Tight Junctions (Zona Occludens)

A
  • Description: Leak- Proof Seal
  • Composition: claudin & occludin proteins fuse lateral surfaces together – establishing apical and basal tissue compartments
  • Function: PREVENTS movement of pathogens across epithelial – critical role in innate immunity (barrier)
  • Examples:
    • Epidermal Epithelium: superficial layer of skin
    • Intestinal Epithelium: lining of GI
    • Urinary Epithelium: lining of urinary system
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13
Q

Adherens Junctions (Intermediate Junctions/Zona Adherens)

A
  • Description: dynamic leaky seal that connects neighbors
  • Composition: cadherin & catenin proteins anchor to actin inside cells
  • Function: BRIDGE between epithelial cells – allows for migration between cells
  • Examples: Endothelium (lining of the blood and lymphatic vasculatures)
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14
Q

Desmosomes (Macula Adherens)

A
  • Description: rivet-like “plaques” make leaky seal to connect neighbors
  • Composition: cadherin & plakin & desmogin proteins anchor to tonoibrils (intermediate fillaments inside cell made of cytokeratin)
  • Function: contributes to shape and function of cell + joins skin cells together. found in tissues that experience INTENSE MECHANICAL STRESS
  • Examples: Epidermal Epithelium
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15
Q

Pemphigus vulgaris

A
  • autoimmune skin disorder where desmosomes are attacked and disolved
  • leads to fluid accumulation i.e blisters
  • and epidermal cells death i.e erosions
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16
Q

Hemidesmosome

A
  • Description: “hemi” = 1/2 junctions that connect basal surface to basment membrane
  • Composition: laminins & cadherins & Type XVII collagen (BDAG) proteins anchor to tonoibrils (intermediate fillaments inside cell made of cytokeratin)
  • Function: found whever epithelial cells anchor to basement membrane
  • Examples:
    1. Corneal Epithelium to underlying BM
    2. Epidermis to dermis attachment
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17
Q

Bullous Pemphigoid

A
  • autoimmune skin disorder where hemidesmosomes are attacked (specifically Type XVII Collagen BPAG destroyed)
  • causes epidermis to DETACH from basment membrane
    • leading to FIRM INTACT blisters that seldom erode
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18
Q

Gap Junctions

A
  • Description: forms channel between adjacent cells
  • Composition: connexin protein that fuse adjecent cells and form a pore
  • Function: enables transport of substances between cells
  • Examples: found in most tissues of the body
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19
Q

Simple

A
  • single cell layer
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20
Q

Epithelioid

A

glandular epithelial… forms a gland

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21
Q

Surface Epithelial

A

lines a surface

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22
Q

Stratified Epithelial

A

Multiple Layers of Epithelial cells

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23
Q

Pseudostratified Epithelial

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A

appears to be multilayered but it is not

24
Q

Sqaumous

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A

Flat shaped Epithelial cells

25
Cuboidal
cube-shaped Epithelial cells
26
columnar
column shaped Epithelial cells
27
_Stratified Squamous_ Epithelial Cells: **special considerations**
* surface layer can either be: 1. **keratinized** (skin) 2. **non**-keratinized
28
Simple Squamous
* **single layer, flat cells** * functions: fusion and **filtration** * Ex: found in cells that are subject to MINIMAL wear & tear 1. lung **alveoli** walls: forms *parachyma* of lungs 2. **Bowman's** capsul: of *glomerulus* kidney 3. **endothelium**: line *inside of heart & blood vessles* 4. **mesothelium**: lines *thoracic* & *abdominopelvic* cavities/ organs
29
Simple Cuboidal
* **single** layer, **CUBE** cells * functions: **_secretion**_ and _**absorption_** * Ex: 1. r**enal tube & collecting duct**: *secretion/absorption* in _urine_ formation 2. **endocrine glands**: (i.e _THYROID_ Follicular cell) 3. **small ducts of exocrine glands**
30
Simple Columnar
* **single** layer, **COLUMN** cells * functions: adapted for secretion & absorption * Types: * **_Ciliated_**, simple columnar * has cilia that assists mucus movement * (ex 1) **falloptian tubes** * (ex 2) **lower respiratory tract** * * **_Non-Ciliated_**, simple columnar * some are ***_nude_*** * (ex 1) **mucus-secreting goblet cells** * ***_microvilli_***: increasing rate of absorption * (ex 2) **intestinal epithelial**
31
Pseudostratified Columnar
* **single** layer, **COLUMN** cells BUT they give the ILLUSION of multiple layers * functions: adapted for **secretion** & **absorption** * Types: 1. **Ciliated:** moves mucus ALONG SURFACE * (ex 3) broncial cells * (ex 2) trachaea * (ex 1) nose ; 1. **Non-Ciliated: RARE, nude** *on apical surface* * (ex 1) vas deferens * (ex 2) prostate
32
Stratified Squamous
* multilayered, flat cells (top cells), deeper layers vary * basal cells replicate by mitosis and migrate to surface * Function: **Protective Barrier** * Types: 1. **keratinized**: tough layer of keratin deposisted on surface cells (APICAL cells = DEAD).... creates a **bark-like** barrier * (ex 1) Epidermis 2. **Nonkeratinzied**: remaines *moist* (w/o keratin). *apical* cells = *ALIVE* (nuclei are apparent)... forms a *weak protective barrier* * (1) oral cavity * (2) esophogus * (3) vagina
33
Stratified Cuboidal
* **two** **layers** (both **CUBE** shaped), **non-ciliated**, RARE * basal cells replicate by mitosis and migrate to surface * function: establishes a **barrier** * Examples: * ducts of **EXOCRINE glands**: ***salivary*** glands
34
Straitified Columnar
* **2+** layers (**top**= **columnar** shape, _basal_ layers = *_cuboidal_* shape) * Funcation: **Barrier & SECRETION** * Examples: 1. pharynx (first portion of throat) 2. conjuctiva (eye mucous membrane) 3. uterous 4. some parts of male/female urethra
35
Transitional (Pavement) Epithelium
* **stratified** with **_both_ cuboidal and columnar** features * apical cells termed **umbrella cells** * Function: **Barriers** WITH **STRETCHING** * Examples: found almost **_exclusively_** in **URINARY** **TRACT...** 1. renal calyces 2. bladder 3. urters 4. urethra lining
36
Two Types of Membranes
1. ***_EPITHELIAL_*** MEMBRANES 1. Mucous 2. Serous 3. Cutaneous 4. Endothelial 2. ***_SYNOVIAL_*** MEMBRANES * lined with synovial cells that **secrete synovial fluid** into space formed by synovial joints (elbows and knees)
37
Cutaneous Membrane
* made of **stratified squamous** epithelial cells * **lines** OUTSIDE of **body** * contiously **shed** and **replenished** by *s**tem cells*** (collcated in the deepest layer the **STRATUM BASALE)** * turnover of _20-60 days_ * creates a protective **barrier** and **minimizes fluid loss** * **dry surface** (i.e no mucus glands _but does_ have *_sweat*_ _*blands*_ and _*sebaceous glands_*)
38
Mucosal Membrane
* composed of either **columnar** or **pseudostratified** **columnar** * often have cilia or microvilla * **produce mucous with goblet cell**s that secret at apical side to _maintain moist surface_ * mostly **line the "tubes"** of the body 1. GI System: * mouth, esophagous, stomach, intenstine 2. Reproductive System: * urethra, vagina, fallopian tube, vas deferens 3. Respiratory System: * nose, trachea, bronchi 4. Eye surface **imperfect barrier** that alllows for secretion and absroption
39
Serous Membrane
* composed of **mesothelial cell** (**squamous**) * l**ines _internal organs_** and _body cavities_ 1. **Pleural** cavity: surrounds lungs​ 2. **Pericardial** cavity: surround heart 3. **Peritonial** cavity: sounds abdominal/pelvic organs * TWO LAYERS: 1. **parietal** layer: surface of *cavity* 2. **visceral** layer: surface of *organ* * the space between the two layers has **serous fluid** (rich in *glycosaminoglycans*), produced by **parietal layer** (reabsorded by viseral) that used as *_lubricant_* * may become voluminous due to **effusion** and requires **centesis (***needle sampling)*
40
**Endothelial**
* composed of **simple squamous** * lines **inner surface of blood vessles, lyphatic vessels, heart, & forms capilary** * _TWO KINDS_: 1. **​vascular** 2. **lymmphatic** * Functions: 1. barrier 2. **fluid filtration** 3. **hemostasis**
41
Classification of **Glandular** Epithelial Tissues
* composed of **glandular epithelium** (instead of surface epithelial) called "**epithelioid tissues"** * TWO KINDS of Secretions 1. **Endocrine** (hormone to target cell via blood) 2. **Exocrine** (ducts secrete out) * *glandular epithelium classfied* as: 1. **unicellular**- single cells 2. **multicellular**- many cells form a distinctive structure * **_sweat glands_** * **_oil glands_** * **_salivary glands_**
42
Glandular Structures (2)
1. **simple**: one basic shape 1. ***alveolar*** (acinus): pouch like 2. ***tubular***: tube shaped 2. **compound**: made of 2 or more simple basic shapes
43
Compound Glandular Structures (3)
1. **compound alveolar** (acinar) * mammary glands 2. **compound TubuloAlveolar** * salivary glands * respiratory passage glands * pancreas glands 3. **compound tubular** * mucous glands (in mouth) * bulboutheral glands (male reproductive sys) * testes (seminiferous tubules)
44
compound alveolar (acinar)
mammary glands
45
compound TubuloAlveolar (3)
1. salivary glands 2. respiratory passage glands 3. pancreas glands
46
compound tubular (3)
1. mucous glands (in mouth) 2. bulboutheral glands (male reproductive sys) 3. testes (seminiferous tubules)
47
Simple Alveolar (acinar)
* NOT FOUND in adults * stage in development of **simple branched glands**
48
Simple Branched Alveolar
Sebaceous (oil) glands
49
Simple Tubular
Intestinal Glands
50
Simple Coiled Tubular
Merocrine Sweat Glands
51
Simple Branched Tubular
1. gastric glands (stomach) 2. mucous glands in: * esophagous * tongue * duodenum
52
Merocrine
* secretes via **exocytosis** * ex) * salivary glands * eccrine sweat glands (NOT associated with hair)
53
Apocrine
* secretion involved in **pinching off plasma membrane** * examples * lactating mammary gland * aprocrine sweat gland (associated with hair)
54
Holocrine
* secretion involveds **cell pinching off and dying** * ex: sebaceous gland
55
56
3 Main Layers of Skin
1. Epidermins * **keratinized stratified squamous** 2. Dermis 1. **Papillary dermis** composed of **loose (areolar)** connective tissue **CT** * made of ground substancesm elastic fibers, collegen fibers, fribroblasts and immune cells 2. **Recticular dermis** composed of **dense (recticular) irregular CT** made of collagen and fibers 3. Hypodermis (SubQ) 1. superficial fascia consisting mostly of **adipose connective tissue** WITH nerve and vessels throughout

MCM_Y1_1S (11 decks)

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