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Immune system Flashcards

1
Q

What is an immune system?

A

Body’s defence system against disease.

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2
Q

What are the soldiers of the defence system?

A

B + T cells

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3
Q

What does a B-cell do?

A

Type of lymphocyte. They make antibodies and marks pathogen for destruction. They originate in bone marrow.

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4
Q

What does a T-cell do?

A

Type of lymphocyte that attacks and kills infected body cells.

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5
Q

What are WBCs?

A

White blood cells that attack or inactivate pathogens.

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6
Q

What are two types of WBCs?

A

Lymphocytes and Phogocytes.

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7
Q

What are lymphocytes

A

Used for specialized pathogen extermination. They do it by producing antibodies from B-cells and killing infected cells from T-cells.

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8
Q

What are the two types of lymphocytes?

A

B+T Cells.

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9
Q

What are phagocytes?

A

A type of WBC that just engulf and destroy pathogens. (they are like the common type)

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10
Q

What are the types of phagocytes?

A

Macrophages
Neutrophils
Monocytes

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11
Q

What are macrophages?

A

It acts as a phagocyte which engulfs pathogens, and removes dead cells by displaying pieces of the pathogen on it to trigger an immune response.

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12
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

First responders in an inflammatory area and used to contain the pathogen

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13
Q

What are monocytes?

A

Used to differentiate into different phagocytes.

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14
Q

Three immunity divisions

A

Nonspecific defences
specific defences
Acquired immunity

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15
Q

What are nonspecific defences?

A

It is a defence that generally targets any unknown invader/fast acting response
FIGHTS ANYTHING WITHOUT AN ID TAG

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16
Q

What are specific defences?

A

Targets a specific known invader

It is Antibody-mediated
Cell mediated

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17
Q

What are three lines of defense???

A

1st-Physical barriers (skin)
2nd- Nonspecific WBC
3rd-Specific response (lymphocytes)

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18
Q

What is the first line of defence?

A

Skin-It acts as a physical barrier between you and disease. Sweat mucus and tears have enzymes to kill bacteria
HOWEVER
A CUT OR BREAKS IN SKIN CAN ALLOW PATHOGENS TO ENTER

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19
Q

What is the second line of defence?

A

Non-specific WBCs

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20
Q

What does the stomach do in the second line of defense?

A

Produces acid that lowers the pH causing the enzymes in bacteria to denature

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21
Q

What are pyrogens?

A

Body raises temp. to denature enzymes and slow the growth of the pathogen and increases WBCs division.

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22
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A chemical marker or ID tag that notifies what and where the pathogen is and it triggers an immune response.

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23
Q

What is an inflammatory response?

A

Initiated in response to injury or cut

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24
Q

What is swelling?

A

It is an inflammatory response to an infection because it allows more blood flow to transport WBCs

25
What is a lymph
Clear fluid in circulatory system that contains WBC and helps remove waste and toxins and unwanted materials.
26
What is an interferon?
Produced by infected body cells which signal healthy body cells to heighten anti-viral security
27
What are NK cells?
Natural killer cells that kill abnormal cells and cancer cells. Does this by causing cell to lyse APOPTOSIS.
28
What is the primary response of a cell to alert the immune system of the antigen?
Immune System's first encounter with pathogen, slower and weaker compared to the secondary immune response
29
What is cell-mediated immunity?
When pathogens enter cells or when a cell turns abnormal antibodies alone cannot destroy them. So T-cells carry out this function.
30
Steps to cell mediated immunity
First the Pathogen is broken apart by chemicals in a phagocyte, then the antigen is presented on the phagocyte (APC) It releases Interleukin-1 and this chemical attracts helper T-cells. Helper T-cells then bind to the APC. It then uses it MHC class II receptors and CD4 to hook on the antigen. This process release IL-2 and it activates and recruits T-cells to fight off the invaders.
31
What are the different types of T-Cells?
Helper Cytotoxic Suppressor Memory T-cells
32
What are suppressor T-cells?
Releases chemicals to stop T and B cells from overreacting or harming the body
33
What are memory T-Cells?
They will cause the same immune response if same antigen invades again.
34
What are Cytotoxic T-cells?
Kills infected cells by releasing a chemical call perforin and it causes the cell to lyse.
35
What is IL-1?
It is a signalling molecule to help attract helper T-cells
36
What is IL-2?
Helper T-Cells release IL-2 to activate B-Cells and T-cells to divide and fight off invaders.
37
What are helper T-cells?
It recognizes antigens and secretes Il-2 to recruit other lymphocytes to divide and activate to fight off invaders.
38
What is a secondary immune response?
This is when the body reacts to the antigen for the second time and it would be faster, stronger, and more efficient reaction where memory B + T cells are able to remember the antibody for the disease and differentiate faster.
39
What is antibody-mediated immunity?
It is a type of adaptive immune response where antibodies are produced by B-cells and they mark the pathogen for destruction by macrophages.
40
What is opsonization?
Process where antibodies bind to the pathogen and blocks its ability to bind with a host stopping its reproduction
41
What are the steps to Antibody Mediated Immunity?
Activation Sensitization Differentiation
42
Explain all the steps to Antibody Mediated Immunity
In activation this is where the T-cell regularly interacts with APC and releases IL-2 in cell mediated. Then in sensitization the B-cell interacts with the Antigen on the APC but this isn't enough for it to activate so the HT-cell interacts with it and releases IL-2 to trigger the B-cell to clone and proliferate.Lastly we have differentiation where a B-cell becomes a plasma cell and memory cells.
43
What are plasma cells?
Makes antibodies during an invasion (Y-proteins)
44
What are memory B-cells?
They remember the antigen in case of a second infection and their antibodies can tag them before they get in again.
45
Difference between memory T and B-cells
memory T-cells will cause a secondary immune response if the same antigen invades again (it will be stronger and faster) Memory B-cells will have antibodies on standby Incase they see the pathogen again.
46
What are three ways antibodies destroy antigens.
Neutralization-Blocks viral binding sites Agglutination of microbes- Clumping of microbes so phagocytes can eat them Precipitation of dissolved antigens- This is where dissolved antigen molecules are precipitated so they can be visible.
47
What is active immunity?
It is obtained after a primary immune response and a memory cell is produced. So the memory cells will know it for a lifetime and you will never get sick from it anymore. It can also be achieved through infection or a vaccine and a memory cell is produced.
48
What is passive immunity?
It is where no infection has occurred and no memory cells were produced. It creates temporary immunity. Usually the person receives the antibodies (maybe from an IV Bag or thru breast feeding from the mom) to defend against the disease.
49
What is immunodeficiency?
This is a condition where your immune system is severely weakened making the body more susceptible to disease. Can be caused by scid (severe combined immune disorder) or by a an autoimmune disease.
50
What are three types of Immunodeficiency?
AIDS Autoimmune disorder Allergy
51
What is AIDS?
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The cause is HIV which is a lysogenic retrovirus. HIV targets HT-cells. Aids can cause the decrease of HT-cells and this will allow infections to get in without being noticed too often.
52
How do you get diagnosed with AIDS?
When the HT-cell count falls below 200 per mm cubed, person is diagnosed with AIDS and the person cannot fight off invading pathogens.
53
What is an autoimmune disorder?
This is where the Body attacks itself b/c the ID tags are gone and immune system classifies its own cells as pathogens.
54
What is an Allergy
It is hypersensitivity of an allergen resulting in the production of IGe.
55
How does it happen?
When the allergen enters the system it triggers an immune response and makes IGe antibodies and they bind to mast cells. Then during second exposure the mast cell releases histamine and swelling and itchiness increases and anaphylaxis might happen which is a decrease in passageways which may lead to death. This is called an allergic reaction.
56
Where to T + B cells work?
B-cells-Fluid T-cells- Infected body cells
57
How is the binding between a B-cell and T-cell different?
B-cell bind directly to antigen T-cell has to bind to APC
58
WHat is HIV?
It is a lysogenic retrovirus that uses RNA and targets Helper T-cells
59
What is IGe antibodies?
Immunoglobulin E which are specialized proteins produced by the Immune system which causes allergic reactions (binds to mast cells)

Biology (32 decks)

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