Flashcards in Immune System Dysregulation/Deficiency Deck (47)
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1
What are TWO pathologic conditions caused by a normal immune response?
tuberculosis (TB)
sepsis
2
_________ are conditions caused by DEFECTS in immune regulation
allergies
(Hygiene hypothesis)
3
_________ involve molecular mimicry and INFLAMMTION
autoimmune disorder
4
AIDS is an example of an _________
immunodeficiency
5
** _________ of the worlds population is INFECTED with MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS
1/3
6
** _________ % of the population has a LIFETIME RISK of developing ACTIVE TB
5-10%
7
** TUBERCULOSIS (TB) modifies the surface of the _________, so that it is UNABLE TO FUSE with the _________. Therefore, the organism can thrive and multiple in the MACROPHAGE
phagosome
lysosome
8
If a person RECOVERS from TB, the battle causes a release of _________ like IFNy that hyperactive macrophages
cytokines
9
_________ and _________ eliminate the invader when a person recovers from TB
macrophages
neutrophils
10
_________ is a potentially life-threatening complication of an infection
sepsis
11
SEPSIS occurs when chemicals released into the bloodstream fight the infection trigger _________ throughout the body
inflammation
12
SEPSIS is MOST COMMON and most dangerous in _________ people (2)
elderly
people with weak immune systems
13
** _________ secreted by macrophages can increase vascular CAPILLARY permeability, causing large amounts of fluid loss/blood volume loss and septic shock
tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
14
_________ stimulation can DECREASE macrophage release of TNF
vagal stimulation
15
OVER HALF of the US population suffers from _________ hypersensitivity reactions (which include most common ALLERGIES)
type I hypersensitivity
16
** ALLERGIES and ASTHMA are associated with a _________ bias
Th2
17
** Allergic (atopic) reactions produce large amounts of _________ antibodies and have a _________ bias
IgE
Th2
18
** NON-allergic responses produce _________ antibodies and have a _________ bias
IgA
Th1
19
** Overproduction of _________ antibodies in response of environmental antigens cause ALLERGIES
IgE
20
** During subsequent exposures, an allergen can crosslink IgE. This clustering sends a signal downstream promoting degranulation of MAST CELLS releasing _________, HEPARIN and other chemicals causing symptoms
histamine
21
MAST CELLS, basophils and eosinophils provide a defense against parasitic infections that are TOO LARGE to be PHAGOCYTIZED by _________ and _________
macrophages
neutrophils
22
MAST CELLS, BASOPHILS AND EOSINOPHILS should only degranulate is response to _________ binding to parasite
IgE
23
** A NEWBORN or infant exhibits a _________ bias
Th1
24
** A FETUS needs to be protected from the mother's immune system and is thought to have a _________ bias
Th2
25
** The _________ produces large quantities of IL-4 which causes the maternal and fetal HELPER T cells to become _________ bias
Placenta
Th2
26
What shifts a NEWBORN back to a Th1 bias?
contact with microbes
(especially those in the soil)
27
Children on farms, who have multiple older siblings and dogs have a LOWER incidence of _________ and _________
allergies
asthma
28
Allergy concordance in IDENTICAL TWINS is _________ %
50%
29
Claritin is a _________ blocker
histamine
30
Injecting increasing doses of crude extracts of allergens over the years gets B cells to class switch from IgE (allergies) to _________
IgG
31
Too many repeated injections of allergens may trigger iTregs with produce _________ that SUPPRESS IgE production
cytokines
32
** _________ results when a breakdown in the mechanisms meant to preserve tolerance of self is sever enough to cause a pathological condition
autoimmune disease
33
** AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE affects _________ % of the US population and is more common in WOMEN
5-7.5%
34
When lymphocytes have receptors that recognize their cognate antigen on the microbe, this is known as _________
molecular mimicry
35
Autoimmune diseases can be caused by _________ + _________
molecular mimicry
inflammation
36
** TB macrophages typically die via _________
necrosis
37
** If an self-reactive T cells are NOT continually re-stimulated in autoimmune diseases, they die via _________
apoptosis
38
** _________ reflexes control INFLAMMATION
Vagus (neural)
39
** Autoimmune diseases frequently follow _________ (2)
bacterial INFECTIONS
viral INFECTIONS
40
** What are TWO environmental factors associated with AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE?
microbial attack
environmental pollutants
41
** _________ must be present in order for AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE to develop
inflammation
42
The _________ hypothesis holds that after INFECTION, there might be enough similarity to a self-antigen to cause a response
mimicry hypothesis
43
** In SINGLE GENE MUTATIONS in non functional CD40 or CD40L cells, B cells are UNABLE to _________ and secrete mainly _________ antibodies
class switch
IgM
44
When neither B cells or T cells function, it is known as _________
severe immunodeficiency syndrome (SCIDS)
45
** AIDS knocks out immune function by attacking/targeting _________ cells (2 names)
T HELPER cells
(Th Cells)
46
Which cell types are infected by HIV-1? (3)
Helper T (Th) cells
macrophages
dendritic cells
47