Immune System Dysregulation/Deficiency

Question 1

What are TWO pathologic conditions caused by a normal immune response?

Answer 1

tuberculosis (TB)

sepsis

Question 2

_________ are conditions caused by DEFECTS in immune regulation

Answer 2

allergies

Hygiene hypothesis

Question 3

_________ involve molecular mimicry and INFLAMMTION

Answer 3

autoimmune disorder

Question 4

AIDS is an example of an _________

Answer 4

immunodeficiency

Question 5

** _________ of the worlds population is INFECTED with MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS

Answer 5

1/3

Question 6

** _________ % of the population has a LIFETIME RISK of developing ACTIVE TB

Answer 6

5-10%

Question 7

** TUBERCULOSIS (TB) modifies the surface of the _________, so that it is UNABLE TO FUSE with the _________. Therefore, the organism can thrive and multiple in the MACROPHAGE

Answer 7

phagosome

lysosome

Question 8

If a person RECOVERS from TB, the battle causes a release of _________ like IFNy that hyperactive macrophages

Answer 8

cytokines

Question 9

_________ and _________ eliminate the invader when a person recovers from TB

Answer 9

macrophages

neutrophils

Question 10

_________ is a potentially life-threatening complication of an infection

Answer 10

sepsis

Question 11

SEPSIS occurs when chemicals released into the bloodstream fight the infection trigger _________ throughout the body

Answer 11

inflammation

Question 12

SEPSIS is MOST COMMON and most dangerous in _________ people (2)

Answer 12

elderly

people with weak immune systems

Question 13

** _________ secreted by macrophages can increase vascular CAPILLARY permeability, causing large amounts of fluid loss/blood volume loss and septic shock

Answer 13

tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

Question 14

_________ stimulation can DECREASE macrophage release of TNF

Answer 14

vagal stimulation

Question 15

OVER HALF of the US population suffers from _________ hypersensitivity reactions (which include most common ALLERGIES)

Answer 15

type I hypersensitivity

Question 16

** ALLERGIES and ASTHMA are associated with a _________ bias

Answer 16

Th2

Question 17

** Allergic (atopic) reactions produce large amounts of _________ antibodies and have a _________ bias

Answer 17

IgE

Th2

Question 18

** NON-allergic responses produce _________ antibodies and have a _________ bias

Answer 18

IgA

Th1

Question 19

** Overproduction of _________ antibodies in response of environmental antigens cause ALLERGIES

Answer 19

IgE

Question 20

** During subsequent exposures, an allergen can crosslink IgE. This clustering sends a signal downstream promoting degranulation of MAST CELLS releasing _________, HEPARIN and other chemicals causing symptoms

Answer 20

histamine

Question 21

MAST CELLS, basophils and eosinophils provide a defense against parasitic infections that are TOO LARGE to be PHAGOCYTIZED by _________ and _________

Answer 21

macrophages

neutrophils

Question 22

MAST CELLS, BASOPHILS AND EOSINOPHILS should only degranulate is response to _________ binding to parasite

Answer 22

IgE

Question 23

** A NEWBORN or infant exhibits a _________ bias

Answer 23

Th1

Question 24

** A FETUS needs to be protected from the mother’s immune system and is thought to have a _________ bias

Answer 24

Th2

Question 25

** The _________ produces large quantities of IL-4 which causes the maternal and fetal HELPER T cells to become _________ bias

Answer 25

Placenta | Th2

Question 26

What shifts a NEWBORN back to a Th1 bias?

Answer 26

contact with microbes | especially those in the soil

Question 27

Children on farms, who have multiple older siblings and dogs have a LOWER incidence of _________ and _________

Answer 27

allergies | asthma

Question 28

Allergy concordance in IDENTICAL TWINS is _________ %

Answer 28

50%

Question 29

Claritin is a _________ blocker

Answer 29

histamine

Question 30

Injecting increasing doses of crude extracts of allergens over the years gets B cells to class switch from IgE (allergies) to _________

Answer 30

IgG

Question 31

Too many repeated injections of allergens may trigger iTregs with produce _________ that SUPPRESS IgE production

Answer 31

cytokines

Question 32

** _________ results when a breakdown in the mechanisms meant to preserve tolerance of self is sever enough to cause a pathological condition

Answer 32

autoimmune disease

Question 33

** AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE affects _________ % of the US population and is more common in WOMEN

Answer 33

5-7.5%

Question 34

When lymphocytes have receptors that recognize their cognate antigen on the microbe, this is known as _________

Answer 34

molecular mimicry

Question 35

Autoimmune diseases can be caused by _________ + _________

Answer 35

molecular mimicry | inflammation

Question 36

** TB macrophages typically die via _________

Answer 36

necrosis

Question 37

** If an self-reactive T cells are NOT continually re-stimulated in autoimmune diseases, they die via _________

Answer 37

apoptosis

Question 38

** _________ reflexes control INFLAMMATION

Answer 38

Vagus (neural)

Question 39

** Autoimmune diseases frequently follow _________ (2)

Answer 39

bacterial INFECTIONS | viral INFECTIONS

Question 40

** What are TWO environmental factors associated with AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE?

Answer 40

microbial attack | environmental pollutants

Question 41

** _________ must be present in order for AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE to develop

Answer 41

inflammation

Question 42

The _________ hypothesis holds that after INFECTION, there might be enough similarity to a self-antigen to cause a response

Answer 42

mimicry hypothesis

Question 43

** In SINGLE GENE MUTATIONS in non functional CD40 or CD40L cells, B cells are UNABLE to _________ and secrete mainly _________ antibodies

Answer 43

``` class switch IgM ```

Question 44

When neither B cells or T cells function, it is known as _________

Answer 44

severe immunodeficiency syndrome (SCIDS)

Question 45

** AIDS knocks out immune function by attacking/targeting _________ cells (2 names)

Answer 45

T HELPER cells | Th Cells

Question 46

Which cell types are infected by HIV-1? (3)

Answer 46

Helper T (Th) cells macrophages dendritic cells

Question 47

What is the name of the treatment used for HIV patients?

Answer 47

Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Treatment | HAART