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Physiology Lecture > Immunity > Flashcards

Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Innate System

A

born with it, non specific, form first and second line of defense

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2
Q

adaptive system

A

specific, third line of defense, must be primed

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3
Q

first line of defense

A

skin and mucous membrane barrier, physical barrier, epithelial cells produce protective chemicals

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4
Q

Functions of first line of defense (5)

A
  1. acidity of skin secretions inhibit bacteria
  2. stomach mucosa secretes HCL and enzymes
  3. Saliva and Lacrimal fluid contain lysozyme
  4. Mucosa traps bacteria
  5. Cilia sweep mucosa away from lung
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5
Q

second line of defense

A

internal defense, nonspecifc

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6
Q

when is second line activated

A

when specifc carbohydrates on bacteria, fungus, virus are recognized

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7
Q

parts of the second line of defense

A

phagocytes, natural killer cells, inflammatory, antimicrobial, inferons, complement, cell lysis, fever

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8
Q

phagocytes

A

eat pathogens that enter the body
macrophages, white blood cell

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9
Q

chief phagocyte

A

macrophages

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10
Q

free macrophages

A

wander from tissue to tissue

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11
Q

fixed macrophages

A

kupffer cells in liver, microgilia in brain, langerhan cells

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12
Q

neutrophils

A

most numerous WBC, become phagocytic when encounter pathogen

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13
Q

eosinophil

A

weakly phagocytic

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14
Q

mast cells

A

ingest a wide range of bacteria

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15
Q

mechanism of phagocytosis

A

phagocyte recognizes CHO, adheres pathogen, engulfs pathogen via pseudopods, fuses with lysosome forming phagolysosome, killed by enzymes

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16
Q

Pneumococcus

A

complex CHO that phagocytes cannot bind to, bacteria must be opsonized, then phagocyte can bind

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17
Q

tuberculosis bacillus

A

resistant to lysoxomal enzymes, need help of adaptive cells

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18
Q

natural killer cells

A

cytotoxic lymphocytes, police blood and lymph

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19
Q

mechanism of natural killer cells

A

recognize stressed cells, release perforins that put holes in cell membrane, release chemicals that enhance inflammatory response

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20
Q

inflammatory response

A

trigged when body tissue is damaged

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21
Q

what does the inflammatory response do?

A

prevents spread of damage, allows repair, disposes of debris and pathogens

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22
Q

steps of inflammatory response

A
  1. chemical alarm
  2. leukocytosis
    3.margination
  3. diapedisis
  4. chemotaxis
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23
Q

leukocytosis

A

chemicals allow release of neutrophis from RBM

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24
Q

margination

A

endothelial cells sprout adhesion molecules, neurophils have integrins that bring together and cling to capillary wall

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25
Q

diapedisis

A

neutrophils squeeze out of capillary

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26
Q

chemotoaxis

A

chemicals attract neutrophils and WBC to site of injury

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27
Q

what are the chemicals that flood into the cells from?

A

injured tissue cells, phagocytes, lymphocytes, mast cells

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28
Q

type of chemicals flooding

A

histamine, kinins, PG, complement, cytokines

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29
Q

phagocyte influx

A

first mast cells, neutrophils, macrophages

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30
Q

antimicrobial proteins

A

enhance innate defenses, attack pathons directly or stop growth

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31
Q

interferons

A

what infected cells use to signal uninfected cells to fight stimulate PKR, activate macrophages and mobilize NK cells

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32
Q

PKR

A

interferes with viral replication

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33
Q

steps of interferons

A
  1. virus enters cell and replicates
  2. Interferon gets turned on
  3. Cell produces interferon molecules
  4. interferon binding stimulates cell to get turned on genes for antiviral proteins
  5. antiviral proteins block viral reproduction
34
Q

complement system

A

set of 20 plasma proteins normally inactive
get activated by classical and alternative

35
Q

classical

A

antibodies bind to pathogen then C1 binds to Ab/Ag complex and cascade is activated

36
Q

alternate

A

trigged when 3 proteins (B, D, P) bind to antigen then cascade is activated

37
Q

cell lysis steps

A

C3b binds to pathogen then MAC is inserted then MAC opens hole in membrane then lysis

38
Q

MAC

A

membrane attack complex that creates pores that lyse cell

39
Q

C3b

A

proteins of opsoniation which allow macrophages and neutrophils to adhere and label for destruction

40
Q

C3a

A

stimulate mast cells and basophils to release histamine

41
Q

fever

A

increase cellular metabolism and speeds up repair

42
Q

viruses

A

nucleic acids surrounded by a protein coat, invade host cells and use the cells machinery to produce viral copies

43
Q

adaptive system

A

must be primed, is systemic, has memory

44
Q

2 sections of adaptive system

A

humoral and cell-mediated

45
Q

cells of adapative system

A

b cells, t cells, APCs

46
Q

B cells

A

humoral immunity

47
Q

t cells

A

mature in the thymus, cell mediated

48
Q

APCs

A

engulf pathogens and present a fragment of the cell to be easily identified by T cells

49
Q

humoral immunity

A

antibody mediated immunity

50
Q

humoral immunity mechanism

A

antigen binds to b-cell receptors and stimulates B cells to rapidly divide into plasma cells and memory b cells

51
Q

plasma cells

A

main producer of anitbodies, ciriculate through humors to bind to antigens and tag them for destruction

52
Q

memory b cells

A

primed to respond to same antigen, secondary response

53
Q

cell mediated immunity

A

completes immunity, activated by t cells: CD4 and CD8

54
Q

CD4 cells

A

t helper cells, primed by apc, stimulate other t cells and b cells to divide

55
Q

CD8 cells

A

cytotoxic t cells, killer t cells, circulate through humors, main target are virus infected cells

56
Q

class 1 MHC

A

CD8

57
Q

Class 2 MHC

A

CD4

58
Q

mechanism of t cells

A

t cells bind to target cells and release perforin, cell detaches, target cell lyses

59
Q

other t cells

A

t supressor, TDH, delta and gamma t cells

60
Q

t supressor cells

A

secrete cytokines that suppress t and b cells, decrease and stop immune response

61
Q

TDH

A

promote allergic reactions

62
Q

delta and gamma t cells

A

live in intesitne

63
Q

antigen

A

substances that evoke an immune response

64
Q

lymphocytes

A

orginate in RBM, make t cells and b cells

65
Q

selection process for t cells

A

positive and negative selection

66
Q

positive selection

A

must recognize self major histocompatibility proteins, if it fails-aptosis
if success- proceeds to negative selection

67
Q

negative selectin

A

t cells must no recognize
if recognizes- apoptosis
failure to recognize-sucess

68
Q

antigen presenting cells

A

these cells engulf pathogens and present fragements of these anitgens on their surface

69
Q

antibodies

A

immunoglobulins, solube, gamma globulins
MADGE

70
Q

IgM

A

1st to be released by cells, can fix complement system, biggest antibody

71
Q

IgA

A

a dimer, the secretory Ig found in mucous, helps prevent pathogens from entering body, prevents attachment of pathogens to epithelial membranes

72
Q

IgG

A

most abundant, first and secondary response, crosses placemta

73
Q

IgE

A

never found in blood, allergies

74
Q

function of Abs

A

do not destory but they inactivate and tag for destruction

75
Q

neutralization

A

simplest, block specific sites on viruses and bacterial toxins, cannot bind to receptors on tissue cells

76
Q

aggrutination

A

clumping by IgM

77
Q

precipitation

A

soluble molecules are cross linked-insoulbe precipitate, makes molecule more easily engulfed

78
Q

complement fixation

A

abs bind to cells, change shape and expose binding sites then fization then cell lysis

79
Q

HIV

A

targes t helper cells

80
Q

new cancer treatment

A

treating ALL with t cells

Physiology Lecture (10 decks)

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