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Physiology Lecture > Immunity > Flashcards

Immunity Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

Innate System

A

born with it, non specific, form first and second line of defense

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2
Q

adaptive system

A

specific, third line of defense, must be primed

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3
Q

first line of defense

A

skin and mucous membrane barrier, physical barrier, epithelial cells produce protective chemicals

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4
Q

Functions of first line of defense (5)

A
  1. acidity of skin secretions inhibit bacteria
  2. stomach mucosa secretes HCL and enzymes
  3. Saliva and Lacrimal fluid contain lysozyme
  4. Mucosa traps bacteria
  5. Cilia sweep mucosa away from lung
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5
Q

second line of defense

A

internal defense, nonspecifc

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6
Q

when is second line activated

A

when specifc carbohydrates on bacteria, fungus, virus are recognized

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7
Q

parts of the second line of defense

A

phagocytes, natural killer cells, inflammatory, antimicrobial, inferons, complement, cell lysis, fever

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8
Q

phagocytes

A

eat pathogens that enter the body
macrophages, white blood cell

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9
Q

chief phagocyte

A

macrophages

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10
Q

free macrophages

A

wander from tissue to tissue

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11
Q

fixed macrophages

A

kupffer cells in liver, microgilia in brain, langerhan cells

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12
Q

neutrophils

A

most numerous WBC, become phagocytic when encounter pathogen

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13
Q

eosinophil

A

weakly phagocytic

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14
Q

mast cells

A

ingest a wide range of bacteria

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15
Q

mechanism of phagocytosis

A

phagocyte recognizes CHO, adheres pathogen, engulfs pathogen via pseudopods, fuses with lysosome forming phagolysosome, killed by enzymes

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16
Q

Pneumococcus

A

complex CHO that phagocytes cannot bind to, bacteria must be opsonized, then phagocyte can bind

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17
Q

tuberculosis bacillus

A

resistant to lysoxomal enzymes, need help of adaptive cells

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18
Q

natural killer cells

A

cytotoxic lymphocytes, police blood and lymph

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19
Q

mechanism of natural killer cells

A

recognize stressed cells, release perforins that put holes in cell membrane, release chemicals that enhance inflammatory response

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20
Q

inflammatory response

A

trigged when body tissue is damaged

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21
Q

what does the inflammatory response do?

A

prevents spread of damage, allows repair, disposes of debris and pathogens

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22
Q

steps of inflammatory response

A
  1. chemical alarm
  2. leukocytosis
    3.margination
  3. diapedisis
  4. chemotaxis
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23
Q

leukocytosis

A

chemicals allow release of neutrophis from RBM

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24
Q

margination

A

endothelial cells sprout adhesion molecules, neurophils have integrins that bring together and cling to capillary wall

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25
diapedisis
neutrophils squeeze out of capillary
26
chemotoaxis
chemicals attract neutrophils and WBC to site of injury
27
what are the chemicals that flood into the cells from?
injured tissue cells, phagocytes, lymphocytes, mast cells
28
type of chemicals flooding
histamine, kinins, PG, complement, cytokines
29
phagocyte influx
first mast cells, neutrophils, macrophages
30
antimicrobial proteins
enhance innate defenses, attack pathons directly or stop growth
31
interferons
what infected cells use to signal uninfected cells to fight stimulate PKR, activate macrophages and mobilize NK cells
32
PKR
interferes with viral replication
33
steps of interferons
1. virus enters cell and replicates 2. Interferon gets turned on 3. Cell produces interferon molecules 4. interferon binding stimulates cell to get turned on genes for antiviral proteins 5. antiviral proteins block viral reproduction
34
complement system
set of 20 plasma proteins normally inactive get activated by classical and alternative
35
classical
antibodies bind to pathogen then C1 binds to Ab/Ag complex and cascade is activated
36
alternate
trigged when 3 proteins (B, D, P) bind to antigen then cascade is activated
37
cell lysis steps
C3b binds to pathogen then MAC is inserted then MAC opens hole in membrane then lysis
38
MAC
membrane attack complex that creates pores that lyse cell
39
C3b
proteins of opsoniation which allow macrophages and neutrophils to adhere and label for destruction
40
C3a
stimulate mast cells and basophils to release histamine
41
fever
increase cellular metabolism and speeds up repair
42
viruses
nucleic acids surrounded by a protein coat, invade host cells and use the cells machinery to produce viral copies
43
adaptive system
must be primed, is systemic, has memory
44
2 sections of adaptive system
humoral and cell-mediated
45
cells of adapative system
b cells, t cells, APCs
46
B cells
humoral immunity
47
t cells
mature in the thymus, cell mediated
48
APCs
engulf pathogens and present a fragment of the cell to be easily identified by T cells
49
humoral immunity
antibody mediated immunity
50
humoral immunity mechanism
antigen binds to b-cell receptors and stimulates B cells to rapidly divide into plasma cells and memory b cells
51
plasma cells
main producer of anitbodies, ciriculate through humors to bind to antigens and tag them for destruction
52
memory b cells
primed to respond to same antigen, secondary response
53
cell mediated immunity
completes immunity, activated by t cells: CD4 and CD8
54
CD4 cells
t helper cells, primed by apc, stimulate other t cells and b cells to divide
55
CD8 cells
cytotoxic t cells, killer t cells, circulate through humors, main target are virus infected cells
56
class 1 MHC
CD8
57
Class 2 MHC
CD4
58
mechanism of t cells
t cells bind to target cells and release perforin, cell detaches, target cell lyses
59
other t cells
t supressor, TDH, delta and gamma t cells
60
t supressor cells
secrete cytokines that suppress t and b cells, decrease and stop immune response
61
TDH
promote allergic reactions
62
delta and gamma t cells
live in intesitne
63
antigen
substances that evoke an immune response
64
lymphocytes
orginate in RBM, make t cells and b cells
65
selection process for t cells
positive and negative selection
66
positive selection
must recognize self major histocompatibility proteins, if it fails-aptosis if success- proceeds to negative selection
67
negative selectin
t cells must no recognize if recognizes- apoptosis failure to recognize-sucess
68
antigen presenting cells
these cells engulf pathogens and present fragements of these anitgens on their surface
69
antibodies
immunoglobulins, solube, gamma globulins MADGE
70
IgM
1st to be released by cells, can fix complement system, biggest antibody
71
IgA
a dimer, the secretory Ig found in mucous, helps prevent pathogens from entering body, prevents attachment of pathogens to epithelial membranes
72
IgG
most abundant, first and secondary response, crosses placemta
73
IgE
never found in blood, allergies
74
function of Abs
do not destory but they inactivate and tag for destruction
75
neutralization
simplest, block specific sites on viruses and bacterial toxins, cannot bind to receptors on tissue cells
76
aggrutination
clumping by IgM
77
precipitation
soluble molecules are cross linked-insoulbe precipitate, makes molecule more easily engulfed
78
complement fixation
abs bind to cells, change shape and expose binding sites then fization then cell lysis
79
HIV
targes t helper cells
80
new cancer treatment
treating ALL with t cells

Physiology Lecture (10 decks)

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