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Physiology Lecture > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

parts of the urinary system

A

kidney, bladder, 2 ureters, uretha

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2
Q

kidneys

A

homeostatic organs

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3
Q

kidney function

A

filter and maintain body fluids, retain improtant molecules and remove wastes, excess ions, regulate pH, fluid volume and salts

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4
Q

endocrine function of kidneys

A

renin and erythopoeitin

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5
Q

anatomy of kidney

A

bean shaped, size of a bar of soap, retoperioneal

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6
Q

hilus of kindey

A

vertical cleft, entry site for blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves

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7
Q

renal capsule

A

strong barrier

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8
Q

adipose capsule

A

fatty mass that cushions kidneys

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9
Q

renal fascia

A

dense fibrous CT, anchors kidneys

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10
Q

inside of kidney

A

cortex, medulla, lobe, pelvis, calyces

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11
Q

renal cortex

A

outer granular tissue

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12
Q

renal medulla

A

reddish brown pyramids

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13
Q

renal columns

A

cortical tissue between pyramids

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14
Q

lobe of kideny

A

each pyramid and surrounding tissue, approx. 8

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15
Q

renal pelvis

A

funnelshaped tube continous with ureter at hilus, branches in to major then minor calyces

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16
Q

calyces

A

collect urine, propelled by peristasis of calyces, pelvis and ureter

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17
Q

renal artery

A

deliver 25% of total cardiac output/min

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18
Q

nerve network of kidney

A

controlled by sym. fibers

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19
Q

steps of blood flow to the kidney

A

aorta-renal-segmental artery-interlobular artert-arcuate artery-cortical radiate artery- afferent arterole- glomerulus

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20
Q

steps of blood flow out of kidney

A

glomerulus-efferent arterole-capillaries-cortical radiate vein-arcuate vein-interlobular-renal-IVC

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21
Q

nephrons

A

1 million per kidney, form urine, several connect up to 1 connecting duct

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22
Q

what does a nephron consist of

A

a glomerulus, renal tubule, glomerular capsule, renal corpsulcle

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23
Q

renal corpsulce

A

glomerulus and glomerular capsule

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24
Q

epithelium of glomerulus

A

fenestrated, allows large volumes of fluid to filter from blood into glomerular cpaulse

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25
Q

what is the filtrate in golmerulus?

A

unprocessed urine

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26
Q

endothelium of glomerular capsule

A

outer parietal, visceral lal=yer

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27
Q

outer parietal layer

A

simple squamous epithelium

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28
Q

inner visceral layer

A

podocytes

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29
Q

podocytes

A

octupus-like with extensions called pedicles

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30
Q

proximal convoluted tube

A

region, cuboidal, actively reabosrb solute, secrete molecues

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31
Q

loop of henle thin segment

A

simple squamous, freely permeable to H2O

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32
Q

loop of henle thick segment

A

cuboidal, secrete solutes into filtrate

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33
Q

distal convulted tube

A

coiled region connects to collecting ducts, cuboidal cells, secrete solutes

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34
Q

cortical nephrons

A

85%, high in cortex, except fo tip of the loop of henle

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35
Q

duxtamedullary nephrons

A

located closer to medulla, low in cortex, loop goes deep in medulla (long)

36
Q

role of duxta nephrons

A

concentrate urine

37
Q

afferent arterioles

A

arise from interlobular arteries, feed the glomerulus

38
Q

b.p of afferent arterioles

A

55 mmHg, easily forces fluid and solutes out of glomerulus

39
Q

efferent arterioles

A

drain the glomerulus

40
Q

peritubular capillaries

A

arise from efferent arteriles draining glomeruli, cling to renal tubules

41
Q

function of peritubular capillaries

A

absorption of solute and water

42
Q

glomerulus function

A

produce filtrate

43
Q

juxtaglomerulus apparatus location

A

portion of distal tubule nestled between afferent and efferent arterioles

44
Q

where are the JG cells located

A

in the walls of arterioles

45
Q

function of JG cells

A

sense b.p in afferent arteriole, change efferent arteriole

46
Q

GFR

A

glomecular filtration, 120 mls/min

47
Q

if BP increases the glomerular

A

may rupture bv, filtration has a lot of water, flows quickly and cuboidal cells have no time to pull anything out

48
Q

if bp decreases, the glomerular

A

kindeys do not do their job, filtration prduction decreases, cells pull too much out

49
Q

process of renin in jg cells that increase GFR

A

activates angiotensin 1, ace activates angiotensin 2 which acts as a vasoconstrictor of efferent aretioles and release of aldosterone

50
Q

macula densa cells

A

columar cells in distal tubule

51
Q

what do MD cells do

A

sense filtrate flow, release ATP to vasocinstrict, affect afferent arteriole

52
Q

urine

A

waste and excess substances

53
Q

unporcessed filtrate

A

like plasma, but not proteins

54
Q

process of urine formation

A

glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
secretion

55
Q

what is urine formation regulated by

A

renal and hormonal controls

56
Q

glomerular filtration

A

passive, high pressure, produces 180 L/day

57
Q

forces that increase glomerular filtration

A

hyrdostatic pressure

58
Q

forces that decrease glomerular filtration

A

osomotoic pressure, hydrostatic pressure in glom. capsule

59
Q

what is the over all filtration pressure

A

10 mmHg

60
Q

how much of a drop in pressure stops filtration

A

15%

61
Q

osmotic pressure

A

30

62
Q

regulation of glomerular filtration

A

autoregulation and renin

63
Q

autoregulation

A

myogenic and tubuioglomerular feedback

64
Q

myogenic regulation

A

fastest, reflex mechanism, smooth muscle contracts when stretched

65
Q

for myogenic if bp goes up

A

vessels stretch-vasoconstriction-decrease flow and maintain GFR

66
Q

for myogenic if bp does down

A

decreased blood flow-decrease stretch of vessels-vasodialation-increase flow and maintain GFR

67
Q

tubuloglomerular feedback

A

macula densa cells detect and filtrate flow and osmotic levels

68
Q

low flow or osmolarity for tublo feedback

A

MD cells do not release ATP-vasodialation of afferent arteriole-more blood enters glomerulus-GFR increases

69
Q

high flow or osmolarity for tublo feedbacl

A

MD cells release ATP-vasoconstriction of afferent- less blood enters glomerulus- decrease GFR

70
Q

renin angiotensin mechanism

A

vasocronstriction of arterioles increase GFR, aldosterone lowers osmolarity

71
Q

Sympatheric nervous system

A

regulates renal flow during exterme stress, vasoconstriction, shunts blood to vital organs, reduces fluid loss

72
Q

concentration of blood

A

280-300 mom

73
Q

tubular reabsorption

A

takes place in the PCT

74
Q

steps of tubular reabsorption

A

1-basolateral membrane, 3 NA is pumped into intersitial space by Na/K pump, atp is used
2- Na enters PT cell from tubule due to facilitaed diffusion and Na conc. gradient
3- passengers during secondary active diffusion: glucose, aa, ions, vitamins
4- reaborpstion of water by osmosis
5-lipid soluble substances by transcellualr
6- cl, ca, k and urea diffuse by paracellular route

75
Q

concurrent multiplier

A

in loop of henle, makes interstital fluid salty

76
Q

descending limb of henle

A

water leaves

77
Q

ascedning limb of henle

A

solutes can leave

78
Q

bottom of loop conc.

A

1200, in medulla

79
Q

fluid conc. entering loop

A

300, in medulla

80
Q

fluid conc. leaving loop

A

100

81
Q

what causes water to leave desceding loop?

A

high osmolarity of intersitial fluid
from Na exiting
urea exiitng lower duct
aldosterone

82
Q

collecting duct

A

monitors extracellular space

83
Q

concentrating urine

A

millisomoles, kidneys regulate concentration of urine

84
Q

vasa recta

A

highy permeabe to water and solutes, helps maintain osmotic gradient

85
Q

descending limb of vasa recta

A

water leaves, salt enters (300)

86
Q

ascending limb of vasa recta

A

water enters, salt leaves, 325

Physiology Lecture (10 decks)

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